ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
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DETERMINANTS OF PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN ATHLETES: RISK
FACTORS AND CHALLENGES
Maxmudov Kamoliddin Xamidovich
Samarkand State Medical University, Uzbekistan
Abstract.
That is why all-round mature, healthy and mature upbringing of the
younger generation is in the ashes of pedagogues, educators, medical staff, parents.
Physical development is an important indicator of the health of a growing organism
and has two meanings: the first describes the maturation, formation and biological age
of the organism, and the second classifies the morpho-functional state at any time.
Keywords.
organism, physical development, physical health, genetic programs.
At present, the indicators of physical development of children are determined not
only by the functional properties of morpho, but also by the level of biological
development of the organism. Changes in physical development indicators depend on
age, and the younger the child, the higher the rates. Physical development depends on
gender and social conditions.
Non-compliance with hygienic requirements in the family and in educational
institutions has a negative impact on the physical development of the young organism,
as well as on its mental formation. (1)
Comprehensive reforms are being carried out in our country, which is facing the
world. There is a process of renewal in society. Preserving the strength of our
independent state and introducing it to the world is one of the main tasks facing the
next generation.
Independence has opened up new opportunities for the rebirth of our great
achievements and good traditions and their inspiration. It is necessary to improve the
scientific and methodical basis of training of highly qualified athletes at the current
stage of achieving high sports results, increasing competition at major international
competitions, steadily increasing training and competitive load, the ever-expanding
geography of Uzbek sport. High results should serve as a criterion for the individual
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and individual genetic ability of sport as a whole, the level and social structure of
society. It is necessary to update the theory and method of training highly qualified
athletes, creating and introducing a new system of scientific views on the way of
comprehensive improvement of training technologies. Currently, the condition for
success in sports is the development and implementation of new technologies that
promote the training of highly qualified athletes.
The health of a person depends on the state of the musculoskeletal system, in
many respects, such as walking, working, and physical health. Adequate attention
should be paid to the musculoskeletal system of the child from birth from the moment
of birth. If he sits incorrectly on the desk, engages in strenuous physical activity that is
not appropriate for his age, if he wears very wide or narrow shoes and always looks at
the ground, there will be a wide change in his stature.
As a result, the thorax narrows, there are not enough conditions for the proper
functioning of the limbs, the legs become flat, you get tired quickly when walking, you
can not run fast. In girls, scoliosis is a complication of the birth process, which can lead
to severe injuries to the mother and child. (2,3)
Environmental conditions, genetic programs and other factors Acceleration of
growth and development under the influence of external factors is called acceleration
(lat. Acceleratio - acceleration uv), the term was first coined by the German scientist
R. Cox entered biology and medicine in 1935. Acceleration affects not only physical
growth but also mental development. Usually group and period accelerations differ.
The fact that some children of a certain age are superior to their physical and mental
peers is an example of group acceleration. Examples of acceleration of growth and
development in modern children and adolescents compared to previous generations,
the onset of puberty, the accelerated development of sensory and somatic systems.
Over the next 30 to 50 years, the div weight of the cubs increased by 500 g and the
div length by 2.0 to 2.5 cm. It was noted that in 15-year-old adolescents, div length
increased by 6-10 centimeters and div weight by 3-10 kg. Acceleration of the
cardiovascular, respiratory and musculoskeletal systems has led to the "rejuvenation"
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of sports, ie an increase in the number of young people among athletes. Acceleration
of physical performance leads to acceleration of mental development. Spiritual
acceleration can also occur due to the widespread use of the media today: radio,
television, computers and the Internet, as well as the increase in the volume of
information. Similarly, reversal is observed during puberty. For example, compared to
the 1900s, the sexual maturation of boys and girls has now accelerated by an average
of 2-3 years. In Czechoslovakia, the onset of menstruation in girls in 1914 was 14 years,
and by the end of the twentieth century it was 12 years. Changes in the natural and
social environment have a major impact on children’s acceleration. Acceleration often
occurs with changes in social, natural conditions. For example, the alimentary factor,
ie the improvement of nutrition, its high concentration and variety in terms of quantity
and energy compared to previous lands, is one of the factors accelerating growth and
development. Again, heterosis is a relative predominance in the physical development
of children born due to the proliferation of marriages between young people of different
nationalities, continents and countries as a result of extensive population migration.
Due to urbanization, that is, the increase in urban population and the acceleration of
the exchange of information in these conditions, the physical and especially mental
development of children is accelerated. . In recent years, the improvement of social and
socio-hygienic conditions can lead to an acceleration, creating an opportunity to reduce
the incidence of diseases. According to some literature, mutations have appeared in
Karaganda under the influence of cosmic rays, which can also lead to acceleration.
There are also negative aspects to the acceleration itself. For example, over the past 50
years, the increase in the weight of newborns by 1 to 1.5 kg has increased the tendency
of children to become obese. Obesity, on the other hand, causes many diseases, most
commonly cancer. (7,8)
High school age period: This period lasts from 12 to 15 years. This period is
characterized by rapid growth and weight gain. Body proportions are sharply closer to
those of an adult. Secondary sexual symptoms appear during puberty (13-14 years for
boys, 11-12 years for girls) and increased exposure to gonadal hormones. The functions
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of the pituitary and thyroid glands increase, the thymus undergoes re-development
(involution). The brain acts as the "head and distributor of all the functions of the div"
of the large hemispheres. The balance and mobility of the propulsion and braking
processes are improved, and the functions of acceleration and generalization are
complicated, especially due to the development of the secondary signaling system. 8.
High school or aspirin age. This period lasts from 13 to 18 years in a child, from 15 to
16 to 19 to 20 years in a boy. This period is characterized by an increase in the function
of the gonads, the completion of the development of secondary sexual characteristics.
The functions of the endocrine glands, especially the pituitary and thyroid glands, are
also enhanced. With the exception of the thymus gland, its involution continues. (8.10)
Changes in the hormonal background affect the conditioned reflex activity of
aspirin, and the deterioration of signal differentiation is accompanied by widespread
irradiation. In boys, "ammunition" movement of the ashes, legs and div is observed.
The latent stages of conditioned reflex reactions increase, speech becomes sluggish,
responses become stereotyped, and the formation of new connections to sound signals
becomes more difficult. All this indicates a decrease in the activity of the second alarm
system. Girls of this age are characterized by a decrease in the ability to work, high
sensitivity, and vegetative reactions. For some aspirin learners, it is difficult to
compose complex sentences, draw logical conclusions, and memorize learning
materials. The second phase of puberty (13-15 years for girls and 15-17 years for boys)
is a difficult period of development. In a state of mental stability, there can be a sharp
transition to depression and vice versa, severe criticism of older people, sadness,
frequent crying in girls. Negative effects are often observed. The hormonal remodeling
period requires careful and sensible treatment of aspirin. Conflicts between aspirin and
parents and teachers are often the result of children's inability to properly assess the
characteristics of OAF during this period. The main conditions for overcoming this
period without disturbances and setbacks are a healthy routine, calm, benevolent spirit,
fun for uspirin, including exercise. At the age of 15-18, the role of the second signaling
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system increases again, and memory improves. At this age, the development of OAF
is largely complete, and it achieves high functional perfection. (6)
In medical practice, the drawing of M.V. Chernorusky's constitutional varieties is
used.
1) The size of the div is proportional, the musculoskeletal system is well
developed: it is called the normative norm.
2) The caddy-coma is harmonious, the muscular system is weakly developed, the
length of the div relative to the norm and the size of the thorax, which predominates
over the size of the abdomen, is called "Mirzaterak" - "Novcha" (asthenic) type.
3) It is better than the normal type, the div is long, the legs are short, the size of
the div and abdomen is higher than the size of the chest (hypertension). The following
methods of physical development are performed. external examination (somatoscopy),
determination of structural activity indicators (anthropometry) are used. (89.93)
Books show that the daily natural demand for movement of swimmers aged 11-
15 years is around 21-30 thousand locomotives (movements), and the total amount of
work they perform is 110-150 thousand kg. It is desirable that 20-24% of this is due to
dynamic activities. This total physical activity is 2-3 times less than the above
indicators, and this condition leads to a state of "insensitivity" to the movement of the
div, or hypodynamics. These reasons include the use of vehicles to travel less unusual
distances, prolonged sitting in the classroom and reading, and the constant use of
television. Hypodynamic condition is a factor that negatively affects the normal growth
and development of the child's div. In addition to the basic physiological functions
mentioned at the time, general immunobiological parameters, such as resistance to
various adverse factors, are reduced, and the child's development does not go as usual.
(5) organization in every preschool, school, lyceum and college is relevant. Studies
show that when a child goes to school, his or her ability to move independently is
almost halved. Physical education classes in the fall of the school year have only 11%
of the children's daily physical activity needs. The morning physical exercises are
combined with physical education pauses in the classroom, movement games between
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lessons. 60-70% of the movement is organized. That is why it is necessary to create
conditions for children to play and move freely after school. Because when this is done,
the younger generation grows, it develops harmoniously in all respects. At the same
time, it should be borne in mind that even when motor activity is extremely high
(hyperdynamics), there are a number of inconveniences for the child's div. For
example, musculoskeletal disorders in the musculoskeletal system, damage to the
intervertebral discs (rupture, compression, dislocation), deformation of the joints,
functional disorders of the nervous system, changes in the cardiovascular system.
Lifestyle hypodynamics and hyperdynamics are also harmful to his div. (3)
Adolescent school children The next period of adolescence (from 11 to 12 to 15 to 17
years) is especially important for educators and teachers. This period is the period of
the presence of large endocrine changes in the div of adolescents and the formation
of secondary sexual characteristics. The balance of neural processes is disturbed, the
excitation processes become superior to the braking processes. Pustlock activity and
the activity of the second alarm system are also developing rapidly.
Electrophysiological classification of the brain shows that the effect of subcortical
structures is much greater and is accompanied by (in turn, disruption of autonomic
processes (shortness of breath, hormonal imbalances, heart pain, etc.). As a result, the
emotional state of children, especially girls, increases. All functional changes during
this period are associated with sexual activity of adolescents. Healthy lifestyle, stable
environment - environment, physical education and sports, fun activities outside
school, adults is the basis of the physical, mental and spiritual development of
adolescents.
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