ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
https://scientific-jl.org/obr
Выпуск журнала №-71
Часть–2_ июня–2025
124
2181-
3187
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LYMPHATIC
SYSTEM AS A STRUCTURAL BASIS OF IMMUNE DEFENSE
Maxmudov Kamoliddin Xamidovich
Samarkand State
Medical University, Uzbekistan
Summary:
an Important role in the div's adaptation to adverse endo - and
exogenous factors is played by the immune system (is), the importance of which in
maintaining immune homeostasis and, consequently, the necessary level of adaptive
potential of the div (APO), it is difficult to overestimate. This function is performed
in the interaction of various immunocompetent organs, one of which is the lymph nodes
(LU), visceral and peripheral (somatic) A new algorithm for studying the functional
immunomorphology of lymph nodes is proposed, based on the determination of five
parameters at the tissue level and the calculation of three coefficients. The new
approach allows us to objectively and accurately assess the structural and functional
state of organs both in normal and pathological conditions, which reflects the immune
status and the overall level of adaptive potential of the div.
Key words:
lymph nodes, functional immuno-morphology, morphometry, new
research algorithm.
At the present time, she has found out in detail many of the features of anatomy
and physiology in all structures of the lymphatic system, which now makes it possible
for clinicians to actively search for ways to correct disorders of blood circulation and
lymph outflow. In modern lymphology there are many controversial issues concerning
the structure of endothelial cells, basement membrane, lymphatic capillaries and
postcapillaries, organization, valves of lymphatic vessels and lymphangions. There is
still no clear explanation of the reasons for the different number of lymph nodes in
different regions and around organs.Thus, the statement that the lymph nodes are
characterized by the fact that 5-7 lymphatic vessels enter the lymph node, and only one
lymphatic vessel leaves the lymph node [7] is unfounded. Numerous studies of
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
https://scientific-jl.org/obr
Выпуск журнала №-71
Часть–2_ июня–2025
125
2181-
3187
renowned lymphologists confirm that the number of inflowing and outflowing
lymphatic vessels in lymph nodes varies from 2 to 8.
Thelymphnodes — the most numerous organs of immunogenesis [1]. Their
number in an adult is about 460, and the total weight is about 1% of the div weight
(500-1000 g) [6]. This is three to five times the mass of the largest solitary organ of the
IS - the spleen.
Thelymphnodes
carry out two main functions - immune and drainage-
detoxification [3], which makes it possible to classify these organs as IS and the
lymphatic system [11]. The drainage function is performed mainly by the
medullary substance of the LN, the immune function belongs to the cortex, where
three separate structural and functional units are distinguished: 1) lymphoid
follicles (LF), 2) interfollicular zone, or cortical plateau (CP) and 3) the inner
cortex, or paracortical zone, paracortex (PC) [2].
The cellular composition of Lf is dominated by B-lymphocytes, which,
upon antigenic stimulation, undergo blast transformation and subsequent
differentiation into plasma cells, forming light (germinal) centers (HC) of Lf [8].
In this case, the primary Lf turns into a secondary one, which documents the
presence of an immune response of the humoral type [7].
On the contrary, the population of T-lymphocytes is localized in the CP and
PC [2,7,9], the expansion of which indicates an increase in the immune response
of the cell type [4; 1]. A mixed type of immune response is observed with a reactive
change in all immunocompetent LN structures [4].
Therefore, the morphological development of these components of the LN
parenchyma reflects the level of functional immune activity of these immune
system organs [14].
The statement [1] that connective tissue in humans, all bones, muscles,
ligaments, fascia and aponeuroses do not have their own lymphatic drainage, does
not correspond to the results of our studies and contradicts the data of other
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
https://scientific-jl.org/obr
Выпуск журнала №-71
Часть–2_ июня–2025
126
2181-
3187
authors [5; 6]. Also controversial is the idea that all lymphatic vessels, with the
exception of the thoracic duct, have almost the same diameter [1]. Due to this, it
is impossible to determine to which generation a particular lymphatic vessel
belongs.
Literature data and our long-term observations refute this information. So,
the diameter of the lymphatic vessels is extremely variable: in the ventricle it is
67-113 microns, in the small intestine - 27-945, in the liver - 67-1700, in the heart
- 67-1080, in the lung - 40-1600, in the ovary - 40 -160, in the periosteum of the
ribs-120-150, in the articular capsule-40-160, in the peritoneum-60-180, in the
fascia-25-115, in the aponeurosis-45-175 microns. [8, 15]
Although lymphology is 400 years old, however, there are currently
controversial issues on the anatomy of the lymphatic system. For example, in [10]
it is noted that lymphatic capillaries begin blindly in the interstitial spaces of all
organs and tissues. The exception is the brain and spinal cord, where the function
of the lymphatic system is to a certain extent performed by the cerebrospinal fluid
system. However, according to our data [5], there are 28 such organs, not 2.
So far there are no reliable data on the timing of the completion of the
adaptation of lymphatic capillaries to the action of unfavorable factors, on the
peculiarities of their reaction at various tissue and cellular levels, the degree of
reversibility of these changes, etc. The solution of controversial issues in the field
of studying the lymphatic system gives excellent results in clinical lymphology.
Already, fundamental studies of the regularities of the structure of the lymphatic
system contribute to the successful development of the endolymphotropic
direction in the treatment of many diseases. [4; 11]
According to qualifications [12], "blind" lymphatic capillaries are divided
into 3 groups: 1st group - capillaries have smooth contours and narrowed orifices,
clavate and finger-shaped; 2nd group - capillaries are found in serous
integuments with blind processes directed towards the mesothelium (they
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
https://scientific-jl.org/obr
Выпуск журнала №-71
Часть–2_ июня–2025
127
2181-
3187
participate in the resorption of intraperitoneal fluid), the mouths of such
capillaries are wide; 3rd group - the capillaries have a predominantly spherical
shape, they have a narrow mouth. Often found in pathology, edema, hypoxia in
the elderly.
In modern conditions, when new technical means are widely used
(ultrasound, computed tomography, endoscopy, laparoscopy, radionuclide
diagnostics, etc.), accurate data are needed on the individual parameters of the
size of the lymph nodes, their shape, syntopy with arteries, veins, nerves, ducts of
glands, lymphatic collectors, trunks and ducts.
In recent years, some authors [13; 14] have raised the issue of the lymphatic
postcapillary [15], identified in the initial part of the lymphatic vessel "lymphatic
postcapillary", which has a valve, in contrast to lymphatic capillaries. The valve
in the lymphatic postcapillary is formed by a fold consisting of endothelial cells
without connective tissue [14]. It is argued that the presence of connective tissue
is a prerequisite for the valve, and the protrusion of endothelial cells into the
lumen of the lymphatic capillary is not a prerequisite for the isolation on this basis
of a new structural formation in the form of a "lymphatic postcapillary". We do
not share the opinion that the lymphatic postcapillaries have elements of smooth
muscles [2] found in the literature, and we did not find myocytes in the thickness
of the walls of the postcapillaries. According to our data, smooth myocytes are
found starting from the lymphatic vessels [8-11].
We cannot agree with the statement [16] that: Lymph is a liquid that is
contained in the blood and makes up oxygen and nutrients to cells. Having
received toxins in return, lymph is removed from the tissues in the veins and
lymphatic vessels. However, lymphatic vessels are extremely fragile: they are
prone to internal rupture, and can also be easily damaged as a result of external
influences, which leads to a disruption in the flow of lymphatic fluid. The
lymphatic fluid is rich in protein and rather thick.
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
https://scientific-jl.org/obr
Выпуск журнала №-71
Часть–2_ июня–2025
128
2181-
3187
It is now generally accepted that lymph is a liquid located in the lumen of the
lymphatic bed. Lymph (from Latin - clean, transparent spring water, moisture)
is a biological fluid of complex composition and function, located in the lumen of
lymphatic capillaries, lacunae, networks, postcapillaries, vessels, collectors,
nodes, trunks and ducts. It is not necessary to identify tissue, intercellular and
other types of fluids (cerebrospinal, cavity, synovial, etc.) with lymph. So,
according to [11] “With a closed circulatory system, blood is not a liquid medium
surrounding the cells. This role is played by tissue (intercellular) fluid - lymph.
Small vessels (lymphatic capillaries) with walls of unilamellar epithelium open
directly into the intercellular space and lymphatic vessels, hence it is subdivided
into tissue lymph and vascular. [13] Notes that "... in the intercellular gaps,
lymphatic fluid circulates, which brings nutrient material for the cells of the
Malpighian layer and carries away metabolic products from the epidermis." In
such cases, it is advisable to consult a qualified lymphologist.
For a clear understanding of what lymph is and how it is formed, knowledge
of the theories of lymph formation is necessary [12]. It should be borne in mind
that the presence of many such theories speaks of the complexity and
laboriousness of the study of this issue and the need for a comprehensive analysis
of different theories, which, in fact, complement and enrich each other.
Since 2015, information has appeared in mythology that there are lymphatic
capillaries and blood vessels in the dura mater and human brain. Until that time,
it was written everywhere that there were no elements of the lymphatic channel
in the brain and spinal cord and in their membranes.
A group of scientists from Finland and the USA claims the existence of
lymphatic capillaries and blood vessels in the dura mater (DM) of mice, humans
and monkeys.
Daniel Reich (Maryland) using MRI imaged lymphatic vessels (LS) in the
dura mater. The author used staining and showed the presence of lymphatic
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
https://scientific-jl.org/obr
Выпуск журнала №-71
Часть–2_ июня–2025
129
2181-
3187
vessels in the dura mater. CSF from the brain goes to the cervical lymph nodes
(here is a link to these discoveries: ne.Zimpho, 2018, No. 2, p.9).
A sensation in 2015 was the publication in the journal Nature of a study by
Jonathan Kipnis and co-authors on the structural and functional characteristics
of the lymphatic vessels of the central nervous system.
These structures have all the molecular characteristics of lymphatic
endothelial cells, they are able to carry immune cells from the cerebrospinal fluid
and are connected to the deep cervical lymph nodes. The unique arrangement of
these vessels may have hindered their discovery to date, thereby contributing to
the dominance of the long-standing concept of the absence of a lymphatic vascular
system in the central nervous system.
Conclusion. Currently, there are controversial and variable issues in the field of
lymphology. The question is unclear why not all organs have lymphatic capillaries.
There are large discrepancies about the structure of lymphatic capillaries (isolation,
openness, lymphatics, prelymphatics, etc.). It has not been established how many
regional lymph nodes are needed for each organ, etc.
Thus, the proposed new morphometric approach to the study of the
functional immunomorphology of LN makes it possible to objectively and
accurately assess the structural and functional state of the organ both in normal
conditions and in pathological conditions, which reflects the immune status and
the general level of APO.
REFERENCE
1.
Huseynov T.S. Horizons of lymphology // Makhachkala, NaukaPlus Publishing
House, 2005.
2.
Konenkov V.I., Borodin Yu.I. Lyubarsky M.S. Lymphology // Novosibirsk,
publishing house "Manuscript", 2012-1104 p.
3.
Usmonov U.R, SobirovSh,H, Irgashev I,E. The role of neuroimmunoendocrine
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
https://scientific-jl.org/obr
Выпуск журнала №-71
Часть–2_ июня–2025
130
2181-
3187
processes in the human div// World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Belgium-
2020.-Volume9.-Issue. 62413-2424 pages
4.
Sapin M.R. and Alginova G.G. Functional morphology of blind outgrowths and
other growths in the capillary link of the lymphatic system // Bul. expert. biol., 2003,t.
135, no. 2, p. 27-30.
5.
Shvedavchenko A.I. On the question of the lymphatic postcapillary.Morfol.News.
2006, No. 1-2, pp. 189-190.
6.
Shvedavchenko A.I. On the question of the lymphatic postcapillary.Morphology,
2007, v. 130, issue 2, pp. 18-83.
7.
Kupriyanov
V.V.,
Borodin
Yu.I.
KaraganovYa.L.
ByrenkovYu.E.
Microlymphology // Medicine, 1983-288s.
8.
Petrov I.M. and PetrovM ..Information analysis of lymphatic fluid.Fundamental
research, 2007, No. 10, pp. 69-70.
9.
Naumov N.P. and Kartasiev N.N. Zoology of vertebrates // M., "Kolos", 1979, part
1.s.84-85.
10.
Kalantaevskaya K.A. K? Nye diseases // M., 1985.
11.
Markova V.I., Markov I.I. Sevryugina G.A. Hematolymphatic relations in the
intestinal wall as an alternative to lympho-venous anastomoses // Morphological
Bulletin, 2016, No. 4, pp. 70-76.
12.
Krieken Y.H. and Veide. Y. Normal histology of the human spleen. Am. J. Surg.,
Pathol.,V. 12, no. 10. P. 777-785.
13.
Очилова Д.А.,Рузиев О.А., Худойберганова Н.Х.,Бобоев А.Т. Оценка
эффективности антигипертензивной препаратов//Вестник медицинского
центра управления делами президента республики Казахстан. - 2015. -
№3(60). – С. 41-44.
14.
Ochilova D.A., Rakhmonkulova N.G., SH.H.Sobirov. Feature of the Course of
Hypertension Disease in people with Dyslipidemia//Medical and Medical Sciences,
America-2020.
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
https://scientific-jl.org/obr
Выпуск журнала №-71
Часть–2_ июня–2025
131
2181-
3187
15.
Khayrullaeva D. Kh., Avezova S.M. Сhanges in hormonal in adverse
environmental condition//World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2020 Vol.9 Issue
5, pp. 2450-2458.
16.
16.ОчиловаД.А.,
Рўзиев
О.А.,
Комилова
Б.О.
Юракқонтомиркасалликлариривожланишиданосоғломтурмуштарзинингаҳамия
ти//ЎзбекистонКардиологияси.-2018.-№2(48).-C.34-35.
17.
18.
Шадиева Ш.Ш, Алимов А.С, Иммунологические аспекты
воспалительных заболеваний пародонта (обзор литературы)// Журнал
стоматология Узбекистан.-2016.-С.-4.
18.
Abdukarimovna O. D., Rizoyevich U. U. Arterial Hypertension Statistics at the
Level of Primary Health Care in the City of Bukhara //International Journal of Human
Computing Studies. – 2020. – Т. 2. – №. 6. – С. 31-33.
19.
Усмонов, У. Р., and И. Э. Иргашев. "Changes in the morphofunctional
properties of thymus and spleen under the influence of mites of different
origins."
Новый день в медицине
2 (2020): 242-244.
