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закрытое заседание – private meeting
закрытое голосование – secret ballot
закрытое помещение – indoors
These differences are seen much better at the level of word combinations. For example, an
equivalent of the Russian word combination «мыть голову» is to wash one’s hair (мыть волосы) in
English. And an expression to wash one’s head is used in the transferred meaning намылить шею.
2. The conflict between the cultural perceptions of different people about those objects and
phenomena of reality, which are designated by the "equivalent" words of these languages, is another
difficulty. These cultural representations usually determine the appearance of various stylistic
connotations in the words of different languages.
Students learning English use the following word combinations: to go to guests instead of to go
to a party, young potatoes instead of new patatoes, exclusively rare instead of exceptionally rare,
largest events instead of major events, to visit classes instead of to attend classes, to work at oneself
instead of to develop one’s abilities. The reason of it lies in the fact that they combine words and form
word combinations according to the rules and phraseological patterns of their native language (for
example, compare in Russian and Karakalpak: идти в гости - қонаққа барыў, посещать уроки –
сабаққа барыў, работать над собой –өз үстинде ислеў). In such cases it is necessary to find English
equivalents, not word-for-word translations.
Phrases and phraseological units are determined, firstly, by the specific conditions of the place,
time and purpose of communication, and secondly, by the peculiarities of the culture, traditions,
customs of the speaking community. What people talk about is a reflection of the social life of the
community. Combinations of words serve to meet the social needs of the speaker. A person can
produce, "generate" certain phrases, only if his social life experience, his cultural thinking, contains
the appropriate content. So, for example, the sociolinguistic conditionality of the word combination
white man is reflected in its specific semantics. This word combination means not just a "man with
white skin", "representative of the white race". Thus, the reasons of the conflict between the cultural
perceptions of different people may be presented by poor knowledge of the culture, wrong use of
necessary words and word combinations, denoting objects and phenomena that exist in all cultures.
REFERENCES
1.Тер-Минасова С.Г. Язык и межкультурная коммуникация. Москва. 2006.
2.Рустамова З.Х. Социокультурные аспекты преподавания английского языка. В
журнале « Преподавание языка и литературы», №1, Ташкент, 2006.
THE NOTION OF STYLISTIC DEVICE OF EPITHET IN THE ENGLISH AND
KARAKALPAK LANGUAGES
Qonisbay Serikbaev
Mekhriban Bayimbetova
Nukus State Pedagogical Institute
The epithet is a stylistic device based on the interplay of emotive and logical meaning in an
attributive word, phrase or even sentence used to characterize an object and out to the reader, and
frequently imposing on him, some of the properties object with the aim of giving an individual
perception an evaluation of these or properties. The epithet is a subtle and delicate in character. Some
even consider that it can create an atmosphere of objective evaluation, it actually conveys the
subjective attitude of the writer, showing that is partial in one way or another [1].
Epithet is a descriptive literary device that describes a place, a thing or a person in such a way
that it helps in making the characteristics of a person, thing or place more prominent than they actually
are. Also, it is known as a by-name or descriptive title [2].
O.S. Akhmanova [2] has made an interesting observation in this respect. The syntactical
combinations are, as it were, more descriptive, elaborate; the lexical are more of an indication, a hint
or a clue to some previously communicated or generally known fact, as if one should: ”You know
what mean and all I have to do is to point out to you in this : and familiar way”.
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“Subjectivеness of appreciation, individuality of emotions, prompting of: occurrence more
brightly appears in the epithet - the most subjective and SD” [3].
According to Q. Musaev, the stylistic device is a conscious and intentional literary use of some
of the facts of the language (including expressive means) in which the most essential features of the
language are generalized [3]. Most stylistic devices are regarded as aiming at the further
intensification of the emotional or logical emphasis contained in the corresponding expressive means.
Stylistic devices must always have some function in the text, besides they bring some additional
information. The conception that words posses several meanings give vise to such stylistic devices as
metaphor, metonymy, irony, epithet and others.
e. g. “He wants his girlfriend to mother him.” (=He wants his girlfriend to take care of him.)
“The prices will come down soon.” (=will be cheaper.)
A well-known Karakalpak linguist A. Bekbergenov gives the following definition: “The
function of the word, which lost its primary meaning in some contexts and used in secondary or
transferred meaning, is called the trope. There are such kind of tropes in Karakalpak language as
epithet, metaphor, metonymy, simile, synecdoche, irony, allegory and periphrasis [ 4].
Now, let us consider the most important part of this Bachelor paper. One of the main objectives
of this work is to investigate and analyze stylistic device “epithet” in English and Karakalpak
languages, as a full formed sign of the individual writer’s style.
Epithet is one of the stylistic devices based on the interplay of emotive and logical meanings in
an attributive word, phrase or even sentences used to characterize an object and pointing out to the
reader some of the properties of features of the object with the aim of giving individual perception
and evaluation of these features or properties.
According to A. Bekbergenov, “epithet is a word or phrase used in transferred meaning to
describe a certain character or quality of the thing or action and to express a picturesque meaning [
4].
e. g. Jaqti dúnya kórip quwanǵan bulaq,
Gúmis kúlki menen aqtı saldırap. ( I. Yusupov )
Epithet is a stylistic attribute, it differs from the simple attribute with its figurative, expressive
meaning.
In this example “quwanǵan bulaq”, “gúmis kúlki” are the epithets which have lost their primary
meaning and gives the poem image bearing, emotional expressive meaning and they are used to add
stylistic meaning.
As it is known in the system of expressive means of language and stylistic device, epithet keeps
special place as it is one of the most widespread device used by many writers.
e. g. “Still watching the student nurses, McNeil saw that two were deathly white, a third had
gasped and turned away, the other three were stoically watching.” (Hailey)
The author uses the above mentioned epithets to give better picture of the inner state of the
characters. The word “pale” is rather neutral while “deathly white” is emotionally coloured. It gives
a vivid picture.
By stylistic device we understand “a conscious and intentional intensification of some typical
structural and/or semantic property of a language unit (neutral or expressive) promoted to a generative
model [2].
The main constituting feature of a stylistic device is the binary opposition of two meanings of
the employed unit, one of which is normatively fixed in the language and does not depend upon the
context, while the other one originates within certain context and is contextual [2].
For the reader it is important not to penetrate into the creative laboratory of the writer, however,
interesting it may be, but to perceive emotional and aesthetic information of the literary work, and to
note the emergence of new contextual meanings, resulted from interrelation of the elements of literary
wholeness [5].
Epithets are words one of the functions of which is to awake emotions in readers or listeners.
Epithets make a strong impact; it may be so strong that the reader begins to evaluate things as
the writer wishes him or her to.
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e. g.“It means a very brilliant future in store for you” (O. Wilde)
“What an appalling philosophy that sounds” (O. Wilde)
“But I tell you that the only bitter words that ever came from those sweet lips of hers
were on your account and I hate to see you next her” (O. Wilde)
According to these examples we can say that epithets are a word or word combination which
in its attributive use discloses the individual emotionally coloured attitude of the writer to the object
he describes. It is a form of subjective evaluation. It is a description brief and compact which singles
out the things described. In such words emotiveness prevails over intellectuality. Also, there are
words where the logical meanings are fully fainted.
Epithet has remained over centuries the most widely used stylistic device in English and
Karakalpak languages which is understandable – it offers the ample opportunities of qualifying every
object from the author’s partial and subjective view point, which is indispensable in creative prose.
For example, in the Karakalpak epoch: “Kirk kiz”:
Qara qaslı, qaliń shashlı,
Jawdir kózli, shiyrin sózli,
Pistemurın, badamqabaq,
Keń qushaqlı, aqtamaq,
Hinji tisli, peri túsli,
Dańqı túsken jáhánge
Gulayim jalǵız qız boldı.
Undoubtedly this description gives a light and bright character – drawing. Here the
epithets are formed by nouns and adjectives.
Another example from English literature:
“Lips that have lost the note of joy, eyes that are blinded by tears, chill hands and icy heart”
(O.Wilde)
“If we have enough of them, they will forgive us everything, even our gigantic
intellects”(O.Wilde)
“And now tell me, what makes you leave your brilliant Vienna for our gloomy London”
(O.Wilde)
Here we can see masterly touches in rich and vivid epithets. Wilde resorts to the use
of colourful epithets, which sometimes help him to show the difference between pretence and reality.
The author used abundance of epithets in his speech. In fact, everydiv uses epithets in his speech;
without them our speech is dry, awfully plain and not interesting.
I.R. Galperin gives the following definition to the epithet:
“Epithet is the expressive means based on emphasizing the quality, attributive elements of
described object and which is presented in the form of attributes and word combinations, which
describe this phenomenon. Epithet is always subjective; it always has emotional meaning or
emotional colouring.
Emotional meaning in the epithet may be accompanied by subject-logical meaning [1].
According to Professor Sosnovskaya V. B. : “epithet is an attributive characterization of a
person, thing or phenomenon. It is as a rule, simple in form. In the majority of cases it consists of one
word: adjective or adverb, modifying respectively nouns or verbs”[6].
e. g. “I tell you that hat it ever occurred to me, that such a monstrous suspicion would have
entered your mind, I would have died rather than have crossed your life”. (O. Wilde)
Epithet expresses a characteristic of an object both existing and imaginary. Its basic future is its
emotiveness and subjectivity: that characteristic attached to the object to qualify it is always chosen
by the speaker himself. Being subtle and delicate, it shows the individual emotional attitude of the
writer towards the object mentioned.
e. g. “She saw him, Finito, the not-so-good matador…”
(E. Hemingway)
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Here the epithet helps the writer in a concise form to express the emotional attitude of a
character to another one. The objective does not point to inherent qualities of the person described; it
is subjectively evaluative.
“Subjectivity of evaluation and individuality of emotions, aroused by what is happening are
brightly revealed in epithet” [7].
“Epithet is a stylistic device that represents such phenomenon, additional to the subject –
logical characteristics, i. e. stylistic information [8].
e. g. “The sun had disappeared and a lead-coloured twilight settled down”.
“Cecily, ever since I first looked upon your wonderful and incomparable beauty, I have dared
to love you wildly, passionately, devotedly, hopelessly…”
As we can see, the epithets make the speech more colourful, vivid and interesting.
It is important that the epithets should not be mixed up with logical attributes which have the
same syntactical function, but which do not convey the subjective and none valuating, the epithet is
markedly subjective and evaluative.
For instance, in such phrases as “a blue pencil”, “an interesting book” and “a difficult task” we
encounter adjectives as logical attributes. This is because the descriptive words indicate those
qualities of the things which are generally recognized and known.
In case when adjectives do not necessarily point to the qualities inherent by the objects and they
are subjectively evaluative, thus revealing writer’s attitude, we deal with the epithets.
In the following examples such as “descriptive charms”, “encouraging smile”, “wedge-shaped
chin”, “smooth-lovely face”, “scientific eyes”, and glorious sight – attributive words bear writer’s
perception of described things, and this of the thing or phenomenon in question.
Thus in “green meadows”, “white snow”, “round table”, “blue skies”, “pale complexion”, “lofty
mountains” and the like, the adjectives are more logical attributes than epithets. They indicate those
qualities of the objects which may be regarded as generally recognized. But in “wild wind”, “loud
ocean”, “remorseless dash of billows”, “formidable waves”, “heart burning smile”, the adjectives do
not point inherent qualities of the objects described. They are subjectively evaluative.
The epithet makes a strong impact on the reader, so much so, that he unwittingly begins to see
and evaluate things as the writer wants him to.
Indeed, in such word combinations as “destructive charms”, “glorious sight”, “encouraging
smile” the interrelation between logical and emotive meanings may be said to manifest itself in
perception makes a strong impact on the reader. The logical meaning of the word “scientific” in
combination with the word “eyes” has almost entirely faded out. The next word “destructive” has
retained its logical meaning to some extent and still has the emotive one meaning “conquering,
dangerous”.
As to the word “encouraging” it is half epithet and half logical attribute.
The epithet is markedly subjective and evaluative. The logical attribute is purely objective, non-
evaluating. It is descriptive and indicates an inherent or prominent feature in different degrees. The
word “destructive” has retained its logical meaning to a considerable extent, but at the same time an
experienced reader cannot help perceiving the emotive meaning of the word, which in this
combination will signify “conquering irresistible, dangerous”.
The logical meaning of the word “glorious” in combination with the word “sight” has almost
entirely faded out.
Thus, the epithet is a stylistic device based on the interplay of emotive and logical meaning in
an attributive word, phrase or even sentence used to characterize an object and pointing out to the
reader and frequently imposing on him, some of the properties or features of the object with the aim
of giving an individual perception and evaluation of these features and evaluation of properties.
REFERENCES
1.Galperin I. R. “Stylistics” M.-1977, 334 p.
2. Akhmanova O. S., Idzelis R. F. “What is the English We Use?” A Course of Practical
Stylistics” M.-1978, 157 p.
3. Musayev Q. English Stylistics” T.-2003 312 p.
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4. Бекбергенов А. “Қарақалпақ тилиниң ситилитикасы” Нѳкис-1990.
5. Riffaterra M. “Criteria for Style Analyses”, “Word №1” NY, 1959.
6. Знаменская Т. А. “Стилистика английского языка”Осн. курс: учеб. пособие, М.-2002.
7. Бабайцева В. В. “О выражении в языке взаимодействии между чувственной и
абстрактной ступнями познания действительности”, "Язык и мышления” М.-1967.
8. Ефимов В. Х. “Стилистика художественный речи” М.-1957, 135 стр.
THE ISSUES OF PHRASEOLOGY AND IMPORTANCE OF VOCABULARY IN
LANGUAGE LEARNING
Turkbenbayeva Manshuk,
Republic of Kazakhstan,Almaty,
Karassay region, the teacher of
Shalkar secondary school
First, the famous French linguist Sharl Balley introduced the term “phraseology”. He included
phraseology into Stylistics. The famous linguist professor E. D. Polivanov first recognized
phraseology as a separate discipline. He stated in his works, that vocabulary studied the individual
lexical meanings of words, morphology-the formal meanings of words and syntax-the formal
meanings of word combinations.
Academician V. V. Vinogradov defined the basic notions, aims and tasks of phraseology. His
ideas became the bases of many research works of the Russian, English and other languages.
It is necessary to distinguish a phraseological unit and a word combination. A word combination
is a free equivalent of phraseological unit. A.I.Smirnitsky emphasized about the necessity of
distinguishing a special branch of lexicology-phraseology and phraseological collocation should be
taken into account in the syntactical system of the language [1;53]. B.A.Larin also distinguished
phraseology as a linguistic discipline.
Phraseological micro system is traditional unity systematic relations between the components
of a phraseological unit and a phraseological unit based on their structural-semantic peculiarities
[2;357]. In the “Dictionary of linguistic terms” professor, O.S.Akhmanova gives different meanings
(definitions) to the term “phraseological unit”, among them there is a term “idiom”. The main subject
of phraseology is a word combination, in which “the semantic wholeness” of nomination dominates
over the structural splitting of its elements. That is why it functions in a sentence as an equivalent of
a word.
Another prominent linguist A. B. Koonin worked out a special theory of phraseology in the
English language and his book “The basic notions of phraseology as a linguistic discipline and
compiling the English-Russian phraseological Dictionary” deserves a great importance. His
dictionary of English Russian phraseological units has been widely used nowadays.
One of the important questions is to distinguish and differ a phraseological unit from other
language units-a word combination and a sentence speech includes: 1) a word as an ultimate unit, 2)
phraseological unit. (Where the wholeness of nomination dominates over the structural splitting) and
3) a word combination as a free equivalent of a phraseological unit. The same word may be expressed
in speech by all the above-mentioned units: for example: fool- stupid coach; scoundrel- good- for-
nothing person- bad egg. The most widely- spread unit is a word combination which has unlimited
opportunities.
A phraseological unit is a steady combination of word signs: ultimate and whole, reproduced
in speech, based on the internal dependence of the members, consisting of two lexical units, being in
the succession, grammatically formed according to the models of word combinations and sentences.
A phraseological unit is close to the word semantically and functionally-grammatically, but it
is not identical to it. Phraseological units are expressively- emotionally-colored, they are like those
lexemes, which not only name a person, an object, process or phenomen, but also describe them,
characterize and find out the attitude of the speaker to the subject of speech.
