Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika –
Зарубежная лингвистика и
лингводидактика – Foreign
Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Journal home page:
https://inscience.uz/index.php/foreign-linguistics
Semantic and pragmatic features of universal and
individual religious lexemes in English, Uzbek and Russian
languages
Safiya SADRIDDINZODA
1
Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received March 2025
Received in revised form
15 March 2025
Accepted 25 April 2025
Available online
15 May 2025
Religious lexicology is the study of words and vocabulary
(lexicon) used in religious contexts. It combines elements of
linguistics, theology, and cultural studies to analyze how
religious language is formed, used, and evolves over time across
different faith traditions.
Although the concept of religious vocabulary is often correlated
with various similar concepts, such as church vocabulary,
Biblical or Islam vocabulary, Slavism, Church Slavism, each of
them has its own definition and is a branch of religious
vocabulary. This article is devoted to the study of semantic and
pragmatic features of universal and individual religious lexemes.
2181-3663/© 2025 in Science LLC.
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-3701-vol3-iss3-pp57-72
This is an open-access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru
Keywords:
religious lexemes,
classification,
universal lexemes,
individual lexemes,
sacred texts.
Ingliz, o‘zbek va rus tillaridagi umumiy hamda o‘ziga xos
diniy leksemalarning semantik va pragmatik xususiyatlari
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar:
diniy leksemalar,
tasniflash,
umumiy leksemalar,
xususiy leksemalar,
muqaddas matnlar.
Diniy leksikologiya diniy kontekstlarda qo‘llaniladigan so‘zlar va
lug‘at (leksika)ni o‘rganuvchi fandir. U turli din an’analarida diniy
tilning shakllanishi, qo‘llanilishi va vaqt o‘tishi bilan rivojlanishini
tahlil
qilish
uchun
tilshunoslik,
ilohiyotshunoslik
va
madaniyatshunoslik unsurlarini o‘zida mujassam etadi.
Garchi diniy leksika tushunchasi ko‘pincha cherkov leksikasi, Injil
yoki islom leksikasi, slavyanizm, cherkov slavyanizmi kabi turli xil
o‘xshash tushunchalar bilan bog‘liq bo‘lsa-da, ularning har biri o‘ziga
xos ta’rifga ega bo‘lib, diniy leksikaning alohida tarmog‘i hisoblanadi.
Ushbu maqola universal va individual diniy leksemalarning
semantik va pragmatik xususiyatlarini tadqiq etishga bag‘ishlangan.
1
Doctoral student (DSc), Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue – 3 № 3 (2025) / ISSN 2181-3701
58
Семантические
и
прагматические
особенности
универсальных и индивидуальных религиозных
лексем в английском, узбекском и русском языках
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
религиозные лексемы,
классификация,
универсальные лексемы,
индивидуальные лексемы,
сакральные тексты.
Религиозная лексикология - это изучение слов и
словарного
запаса
(лексикона),
используемых
в
религиозных контекстах. Она объединяет элементы
лингвистики, теологии и культурологии для анализа того,
как религиозный язык формируется, используется и
эволюционирует со временем в рамках различных
религиозных традиций.
Хотя понятие религиозной лексики часто соотносится с
различными смежными понятиями, такими как церковная
лексика, библейская или исламская лексика, славянизмы,
церковнославянизмы, каждое из них имеет свое
определение и является ответвлением религиозной
лексики.
Данная
статья
посвящена
изучению
семантических
и
прагматических
особенностей
универсальных и индивидуальных религиозных лексем.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Considerable efforts have been made to semantically classification of religious
vocabulary. N.B. Mechkovskaya classifies religious vocabulary in accordance with the
classification of religious beliefs of a person. She identifies 5 groups of religious
vocabulary:
1) vocabulary characterizing ideas about God (the Absolute or the host of gods), his
history and/ or theory (doctrine) about God;
2) vocabulary characterizing ideas about the will of God, about his Covenant or
demands in relation to people;
3) vocabulary characterizing ideas about man, society, the world depending on the
ideas of God;
4) vocabulary characterizing religious, ethical and religious legal ideas and norms;
5) vocabulary that characterizes ideas about the proper order of worship, church
organization, the relationship between clergy and the world, etc., as well as ideas about the
history of development and solutions to these problems
[Mechkovskaya,1998: 98p]. When classifying religious vocabulary, according to I.V.
Bugaeva, there is a need to distinguish between religious terms that do not have common
equivalents (for example, cassock, lectern, conception, deanery, etc.) and regional sects
that have common synonyms in Russian (for example, the words traditional, new age,
labor have synonyms canteen, New a year, to work)
[Bugayeva, 2010:99p]S. V. Bulavina relies on the term religious and ecclesiastical
vocabulary; At the same time, religious vocabulary includes units that name the main
Christian concepts, most of which are represented in the main source of Christian doctrine
— the Holy Scriptures (the Bible), and ecclesiastical vocabulary includes units that
characterize the material side of the life of the church [Bulavina, 2003: 9].
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue – 3 № 3 (2025) / ISSN 2181-3701
59
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The research methodology for this study involves a combination of qualitative
linguistic analysis and semantic interpretation. First, various religious texts in the Uzbek
language, including the Quranic translations, Hadith collections, and works of classical
Islamic scholars, were examined for ambiguous expressions. These texts were selected to
represent a broad spectrum of religious discourse in Uzbekistan, including both traditional
and modern interpretations.
The primary method used in this research is the semantic analysis of specific lexical
items that are identified as having multiple meanings or interpretations. These ambiguous
terms were analyzed in terms of their usage within different contexts to determine the
possible interpretations. Secondary sources, including commentaries and scholarly works
on religious lexicology, were also consulted to understand the theoretical underpinnings
of amphibology and its relevance to religious discourse.
ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
The primary materials for this study include a variety of religious texts in the
English, Uzbek and Russian languages, Quran, based on the text of sacred Quran, Bible and
the book of common prayers. These texts were selected because they represent core
religious teachings that are widely studied and there are a lot of interesting results
concerning comparing study.
Data Collection and Analysis
The main method of data collection was qualitative content analysis of selected
religious texts, focusing on identifying expressions that exhibit multiple meanings or
interpretations. Particular attention was paid to words and phrases that have historically
been the subject of religious lexicology. These expressions were analyzed within their
context in religious texts to understand how the surrounding text influences their
meanings.
In addition to identifying ambiguous expressions, the study also considered how
these expressions have been interpreted historically by religious scholars and translators.
To enhance the analysis, commentaries and translations by prominent Uzbek, Russian and
English religious scholars were consulted to understand how interpretations of these
terms have evolved over time.
Semantic and Lexical Analysis
For each religious expression identified, a semantic and lexical analysis was
conducted. Special attention was given to terms that have metaphoric or symbolic
meanings in religious contexts, as these often have multiple interpretations.
The study used modern lexicographical tools, including electronic dictionaries and
glossaries, to analyze the use of religious terms in contemporary of English, Russian and
Uzbek languages. This approach helped in determining how meanings may shift over time
or vary in different contexts (e.g., theological debates, public speeches, or personal
interpretations).
In addition to primary religious texts, secondary sources such as scholarly articles,
books on lexicology, and studies on the translation of religious texts were used. Works by
linguists and religious scholars specializing in the intersection of language and religion
were particularly useful for framing the study.
Lexical units related to the religious sphere, according to S. V. Bulavina's
classification, can be divided into four subgroups:
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue – 3 № 3 (2025) / ISSN 2181-3701
60
(1) "names of the supreme Being and divine beings" — God, Lord, Christ, Lord,
Savior, Virgin Mary, angel, saint, Lamb, etc.;
(2) "names of beings emdiving evil" — Antichrist, devil, devil, devil, Satan;
(3) "names of the realities of the afterlife" — hell, heaven, gehenna, gates;
(4) "names of concepts denoting religious beliefs about man" — soul, spirit, sin,
faith, fall, blasphemy, rise again, believe. R.I. Goryushina's religious vocabulary is analyzed
within the framework of 5 groups: 1) names of objects, religious rituals and sacraments,
2) names of clergy of the Christian church hierarchy, 3) names of objects of church utensils
and church purposes, 4) names of religious holidays - according to the type of worship, 5)
titles of books of church content [Goryushina, 2002, pp.7-11].
There are 5 groups of religious vocabulary.:
1) vocabulary characterizing ideas about God (the Absolute or the host of gods), his
history and / or theory (doctrine) about God;
2) vocabulary characterizing ideas about the will of God, his Covenant or
requirements in relation to people;
3) vocabulary characterizing ideas about man, society, the world, depending on the
ideas of God;
4) vocabulary characterizing religious, ethical and religious-legal ideas and norms;
5) vocabulary that characterizes ideas about the proper order of worship, church
organization, the relationship between clergy and the world, etc., as well as ideas about the
history of the development and solution of these problems [Yakimov, 2010:11p].The
classification of K.A. Timofeev, according to which three groups of religious vocabulary are
distinguished: general religious vocabulary (words denoting concepts peculiar to all
monotheistic religions: God, soul, righteousness, prayer, etc.); general Christian
vocabulary (words denoting concepts peculiar to all Christian denominations: Holy
Trinity, Holy Spirit, Savior, Apostle, Gospel, Church, confession, etc.); private Christian
vocabulary (words denoting concepts peculiar to individual Christian denominations:
father, pastor, priest, priest, abbot, cardinal, mass, matins, vigil, Mass, litiya, litany, etc.).
Foreign scholars have also contributed to the classification of religious vocabulary
[Timofeev,2010:11p]. The Gazala classifies Islamic religious elements in three categories:
1) new elements that did not exist in Arabic before the advent of Islam, such as the
Quran;
2) a familiar Arabic element that Islam has given it new meanings, such as Hajj; and
3) elements that are already known and used in Arabic, such as the Kaaba [Gazala,
2010:20]
Shebbo classifies commonly used methods of translating Islamic terms into four
models:
(1) words of Arabic origin assimilated into English,
(2) a quotation from the English translation of the Quran and Hadith,
(3) Arabic quotations reproduced in italicized transliteration with a gloss in English,
and
(4) Arabic words and concepts are transliterated, but not translated
[Chebbo,2006:56]
Studying religious texts, we have classified them into three groups depending on
their difficulty in understanding:
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue – 3 № 3 (2025) / ISSN 2181-3701
61
1) Religious texts that are easy for all people to understand usually have some
religiously marked terms such as "sin," "repentance," and "good deed." These may be
stories or articles that promote morality;
2) Moderately complex religious texts that may include verses of the Quran or
hadith. These can be religious literally-community service, religious vases (sermons), and
prayer texts. Usually people can understand them using interpretations of the Quran,
hadith, or dictionaries;
3) Religious texts are extremely complex that not everyone can understand; they
are usually intended for religious scholars or those who study this field. For example,
scientific texts on tajweed or fiqh [ Rashidova, 2010:20].
Sh. Yusupova classifies Islamic religious texts into 1) interpretations of the Quran;
hadith; 2) religious and scientific books: scientific texts on Tajweed, hadith, the history of
Islam, Fiqh and other areas; 3) terminographic and encyclopedic religious dictionaries; 4)
religious journalistic works; religious wa'z (sermons) and prayer texts. [ Yusupova,
2010:30p]. The semantic classification of the religious vocabulary of the Uzbek language is
the process of systematization and analysis of words and expressions related to religion in
the context of their meanings and usage in the language. Religious vocabulary plays an
important role in culture and public life, especially in countries with deep religious
traditions, such as Uzbekistan.
1. Terms related to God and divine powers This group includes words that relate to
the concept of God, higher powers, and religious entities.:
• Allah — God.
• Panoh is the name of God in various interpretations.
• Malak is an angel.
2. Terms related to religious cultures and practices This includes words that denote
religious rites, rituals, and sacred acts.:
• Namoz — prayer.
• Ramazon is a month of fasting. Zakot is a mandatory charity.
• Ҳаj — pilgrimage to Mecca.
• Sadaqa- charity
• Islamic rituals and obligations: o Shahada (testimony of faith) o Tawba
(repentance) o Fard (mandatory action)
3. Terms related to sacred texts and books Words related to religious books,
teachings:
• The Quran. *Hadis — sayings of the Prophet Muhammad.
• Tafsir — interpretation of the Quran.
4. Terms related to religious personalities This category includes the names and
titles of religious figures.:
• Paygambar is a prophet. Hazrat is a title of honor, an address to holy personalities.
• Imom is the prayer leader
• Mullah (religious teacher Ustoz is a teacher (in the context of a spiritual teacher).
• The Sheikh is a spiritual leader.
5. Terms related to morality and ethics Here are collected words reflecting religious
morality, values and ideals.:
• Tawba — repentance.
• Ihlos — sincerity.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue – 3 № 3 (2025) / ISSN 2181-3701
62
• Sabr — patience.
• Imon - faith
6. Prayers, Blessings, and Requests
• Assalamu alaikum (peace be upon you)
• Rahmatulloi alayka (God's mercy on you)
• Bismillahi raҳmanir raҳim (In the name of Allah, the Merciful, the Merciful)
7. Concepts related to religious history and traditions
• Sunnah (traditions of the Prophet)
• Sharia (Islamic law)
• Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence)
In Uzbek, as in other languages, religious vocabulary includes various categories
and reflects the peculiarities of the worldview, spiritual practices and social norms
associated with Islam (the main religion in Uzbekistan). Let's consider the main semantic
categories that can be distinguished in the religious vocabulary of the Uzbek language.: The
semantic classification of the religious vocabulary of the Uzbek language helps to identify
not only lexical features, but also reflects the deeper cultural and historical ties of this
language with Islam. Religious terms play a key role in the spiritual life of Uzbeks,
providing a link between a person, his faith and society. The religious vocabulary of the
Uzbek language covers a huge range of terms that are closely related to the traditions,
rituals, beliefs and philosophies of various religions. These terms not only enrich the
language, but also help to better understand the cultural and historical contexts in which
religious teachings originated and developed. The division of vocabulary into categories
according to religious traditions makes it possible to better structure religious knowledge
and simplify the study of various aspects of religious life.
Limitations and Challenges
God is the central lexemes of the three books. The common feature of God in Islam
and Christianity is the idea of His unity, omnipotence and all-mercy. Both religious
teachings affirm that God is the only, supreme, and omniscient Creator of all that exists.
The main difference between God in the Bible and the Qur'an is related to the idea of the
nature of God. In Christianity, God is the Trinity personified in the Father, Son and Holy
Spirit, while in Islam, Allah is the one and indivisible God, without sons and partners. With
regard to salvation and relations with humanity, the Bible focuses on a personal
relationship with God through Jesus Christ, while the Quran promotes the path of salvation
through following the precepts and worshiping Allah.
Faith, imon, вера
– these lexemes have common semantic features despite their
belonging to different linguistic and cultural contexts. All these concepts are related to the
concept of inner conviction and trust, especially in the religious field.
In Islam, faith in Allah includes not only recognition of His existence, but also
complete submission to His will.
In Christianity, faith is often seen as personal trust in Jesus Christ as the Savior and
Son of God, which requires inner devotion and acceptance of God's revelation. This is not
just mental recognition, but also emotional trust and commitment to certain religious
truths.
The main difference between the concept of faith in the Bible and iman in the Quran
is that faith in Christianity focuses on a personal relationship with God through Jesus Christ
and salvation through faith, whereas iman in Islam includes both inner conviction and
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue – 3 № 3 (2025) / ISSN 2181-3701
63
commitment to follow the precepts of Allah. Faith in Christianity is focused on love and
relationship with God through Jesus, while iman in Islam is focused on accepting teachings
and performing good deeds as a manifestation of faith.
Prayer, дуо, молитва
- these concepts are associated with spiritual
communication with a higher power, often accompanied by requests, gratitude and
repentance, and also serve as an important part of religious practice in the relevant
traditions.
Prayer in Christianity is most often associated with a personal relationship with
God and focuses on sincere, heartfelt communication with Him, especially through Jesus
Christ. Duo in Islam is a more flexible and comprehensive concept, including both
obligatory and personal prayers, and often expresses not only requests, but also gratitude
and repentance.
Sin, gunoh, грех -
The words have several common features, since they all denote
a violation of moral or religious norms, including the laws of God or the divine order. These
terms play a key role in religious teachings, as they are associated with the concept of
moral evil and responsibility for one's actions before God or a higher power. They
emphasize the importance of moral responsibility before God and spiritual purity. Despite
cultural and religious differences, these words are united by the concept of violation and
the need for redemption through a change in behavior or attitude towards God.
In Christianity, sin is a broken relationship with God, the restoration of which is
possible through faith in Jesus Christ as Savior, whereas in Islam gunoh is seen as a
deviation from the path of Allah, but forgiveness is achieved through repentance and
return to the righteous path. In both cases, the principle of sincere repentance is important,
but in Christianity the emphasis is on the atoning sacrifice of Christ, while in Islam
forgiveness is based on the grace of Allah and the repentance of the believer.
Repentance, tavba, покаяние -
These terms express the spiritual process of
realizing guilt, regret, and striving to correct one's actions. Let's consider the main
common features of these words: admission of guilt and awareness of a mistake, the
emotional element of regret, the desire to change behavior, turning to God and to a Higher
Power, the impossibility of returning to sin, spiritual purification and the process of
spiritual growth.
Сhurch, masjid, церковь
-
Sacred places for worship and spiritual practice in
Christianity and Islam, and all of these concepts have several things in common: they serve
as a center for prayer, learning, and the social life of the community. These places are
symbols of faith, illuminated by spiritual meaning and intended for communication with
God.
Devil, shayton, сатана-
All these terms denote entities associated with the
forces of evil, temptation, and violation of moral and religious laws. In Christianity, Islam,
and Judaism, these entities play the role of antagonists of God, opponents of goodness and
righteousness. All these entities are often presented as forces that tempt people, lead them
to sin, raise doubts, and destroy moral foundations. This reflects the idea of the struggle
between good and evil.
Shayton
in the Quran and
satan
in the Bible have similar functions as opponents
of God, tempting and seducing humanity. However, the differences lie in their origin,
essence, and ultimate fate. In Islam,
shayton (Iblis)
is a genie who refused to worship
Adam and is now fighting humanity, while in Christianity Satan was once an angel who fell
because of pride and became the head of the spirits of malice.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue – 3 № 3 (2025) / ISSN 2181-3701
64
Heaven, Jannat, рай
- All these terms are associated with a state of bliss, peace
and eternal joy. It is a place where the souls of the righteous and those who have earned
God's approval find eternal rest and enjoyment. These lexemes relate to ideas about the
end of the world, the afterlife, and eschatology (the doctrine of a person's ultimate fate).
This is the place where souls go after death, and where they will forever enjoy the benefits.
So, despite the similarity in the idea of eternal bliss and the heavenly kingdom, рай
in the Bible and jannat in the Quran differ in their concreteness and details. In Christianity,
paradise has a more spiritual connotation associated with restoring harmony with God and
eternal communion with Him, whereas in Islam, jannat is described as a real place with
specific physical pleasures and spiritual bliss for the righteous.
Hell, Jahannam, ад-
In all these traditions, hell is associated with the end of the
world, judgment day, and the final fate of man. This is the place where souls go after death,
depending on their deeds on Earth, and where the final separation of the righteous and
sinners takes place. Hell is usually perceived as eternal places. This is not a temporary
punishment, but a continuation of suffering without end. Christianity and Islam especially
emphasize that the punishment in hell does not stop.
Thus, hell in the Bible and do'zax in the Quran have similar functions as places of
eternal punishment for sinners, but differ in details related to their description, the nature
of punishment and the ultimate fate of people. In the Christian tradition, hell (gehenna)
symbolizes a place of torment for those who have rejected God, and is the final state for
sinners. In Islam, do'zax is more detailed and specific, with multiple levels of punishment
depending on sins, and represents a place of eternal torment for those who disbelieve in
Allah.
Kindness, yaxshilik, добро-
they denote moral virtue and positive personality
traits. Kindness express the desire to do good, be attentive and caring to others, and
contribute to the well-being of others. They are associated with ethical standards and
positive impact on other people and society as a whole. Despite the differences in language
and cultural contexts, all these words are united by the desire for positive actions and
moral norms aimed at improving the lives of others and creating harmony in society.
Evilness, yomonlik, зло -
All these features can be combined through the concept
of "dark forces" or "unrighteousness", which act against morality, spiritual values and
principles of justice. Evil and emotion as concepts reflect anti-spirituality and anti-ethics,
leading to destruction, violence, suffering and moral decline. Thus, the common features
of these concepts are their connection with negative moral forces, the opposition of
goodness and righteousness, as well as their influence on human behavior and social
relations.
Английский
язык
(The book of common
prayer)
Узбекский язык
(Коран)
Русский
(Библия)
God-
2243
раз
использовалось в книге. В
книге
“The
book
of
common
prayers”
используются
такие
синонимы
как
“Lord”,
“Prepare ye the way of the
Hudo,
Аlloh-Alloh
nomi
Qur’oni
Karimda
(
هَاللّ
)
3504
yozilgan. Qur’oni Karimda
sinonim leksemalarni ham
uchratish
mumkin
Parvardigor, Ar-Rahmon
Бог-
992
раз
упоминается в
Библии
(новом завете) господь,
отец.
В
Библии
заменяется
такими
синонимами
как
“Господь”
Господь
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue – 3 № 3 (2025) / ISSN 2181-3701
65
Lord,
make straight in the
desert a highway for God”
Isaiah 40:3
“Father”,
. Almighty
God, our heavenly
Father
(Compline 129)
“Savior”,
Almighty
Savior
, who at
noonday called your servant
Saint Paul to be an apostle to
the Gentiles
(Noonday107)
“
Holy One”.
God is much to
be feared in the council of the
holy ones
(Psalm 714)
“…Agar
Rahmonning
farzandi bo’lganida men (u
bolaga)
ibodat
qiluvchilarning birinchisi
bo’lar
edim…(Zuhruf,81)Abu
Hurayra
Roziyallohu
anhudan
rivoyat
qilinadi:Rasululloh
sollallohu alayhi vasallam
shunday dedilar
: «Аlloh
taoloning
to’qson
to’qqizta-bir kam yuzta
ismi bor. Kim ularni
sanasa, jannatga kiradi.
Alloh toqdir va toqni
yaxshi ko’rur»
Господу моему: седи
одесную Меня, доколе
положу врагов Твоих в
подножие ног Твоих?
(глава22,
От
Матфея
святое
благовествование)
“Отец”,
отцом
себе
не
называйте
никого на земле, ибо
один
у
вас
Отец…(глава23,
От
Матфея
святое
благовествование)“
Отче Наш
” …Отче наш,
сущий на небесах!( от
Луки
святое
благоствование,
глава11)
Альфа и
Омега
— в книге
Откровения (22:13) Бог
говорит: "Я Альфа и
Омега,
Первый
и
Последний, Начало и
Конец".
Это
подчеркивает
Его
вечность и полноту.
Царь
— Бог часто
изображается как Царь,
особенно в контексте
Его царствования над
всем миром. В Псалмах
(10:16)
говорится:
"Господь — Царь во
веки веки".
Faith 353
раз.
В
книге приводятся такие
синонимы как
“Trust”,
Put
your
trust
in God; for I will
yet give thanks to him, who is
the help of my countenance,
and my God. “
Belief”,
The
creeds are statements of our
basic
beliefs
about
God.(Catechism
851)
“
Hope”, ..
Nor the
hope
of the
Imon 688
marta
kitobda
ishlatilgan
"Mo’min"
Albatta,
mo'minlar,
yahudiylar,
nasroniylar
va
sobiiylardan
kimki
(avvalgi aqidasidan qat'iy
nazar) Allohga va oxirat
kuniga
imon
keltirsa
hamda solih amallarni
qilsa, ularga Rabbilaridan
Вера
36 раз. В
книге употребляются
такие синонимы как
“У
беждение”
Такое
убеждение
не
от
Призывающего вас.
(Послание
к
Галатам
святого
апостола Павла, глава
6)
,
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue – 3 № 3 (2025) / ISSN 2181-3701
66
poor be taken away…(
Morning prayer 98) ...
“
Grace”,
Nor the hope of the
poor be taken away
Grace
be
unto you, and peace, from
God our Father, and from the
Lord Jesus Christ.(
Philippians
h:2) “
Devotion”,
These
devotions
follow the basic
structure of the
Daily Office
of
the
Church.
(Daily
devotions 136)
ajr bordir, ularga xavf
yo'qdir
(Baqara,
61)
“E’tiqod”
Ey, qavmim!
Maqomingizda
(e'tiqodingizda) turib ish
qilaveringiz!
(hud surasi,
93)
Prayer 835
раз
.
В
книге приводятся такие
синонимы
как
“Supplication”,…
Receive
our
supplications
and
prayers which we offer
before you for all members of
your holy Church…(Morning
prayer
100)
“Petition”,
…Fulfill now, O Lord, our
desires and
petitions
as may
be best for us; (Morning
prayer
120)
“Thanksgiving”,
Silence may
be kept, and free intercessions
and
thanksgivings
may be
offered.
(Compline
134)
“Litany”,
A
litany,
or other
suitable devotions, including
the
Lord’s Prayer.
(Order for
evening 113)
Duo
83
раз.
Kitobda
“Iltijo” sinonimi
uchraydi
Ular (Iloh deb)
iltijo
qilayotganlarning
o'zlari ham Parvardigorga
qaysi biridir yaqinroq
bo'lishga yo'l izlaydilar.
(Al
Isro
surasi
57)…”Ibodat”
Ibodat Bas,
kimki Parvardigori bilan
muloqotda
bo'lishdan
umidvor bo'lsa, u holda
ezgu amal qilsin va
Parvardigoriga
ibodat
qilishda hech kimni (Unga)
sherik qilmasin!"( Kahf
surasi, 110)
Молитва
19 раз.
“
“Призыв”
Призыв и
здесь
имеет
от
первосвященников
власть вязать всех,
призывающих
имя
Твоё. (Деяния святых
апостолов
9,
14)
“
Прошения”
…Итак
прежде всего прошу
совершать
молитвы,
прошения,
моления,
благодарения за всех
человеков…(Первое
послание к Тимофею
святого
Апосотла
Павла
глава2,
6)
“
Поклонения”
…
хранитель
всех
сокровищ
её,
приезжавший
в
Иерусалим
для
поклонения
(деяния
святых
апостолов
глава8)
Sin 764 раз.
В книге
приводятся
такие
синонимы как
“Iniquity”,
For I have been blameless
with him and have kept
myself from
iniquity (Psalm
18, 604)
Gunoh so’zi 78
marta uchraydi.
Kitobda
“Xato”degan sinonimi bor
U jazo kuni (qiyomatda)
mening
xatolarimni
mag'firat etishini umid
qilurman.
(shuaro surasi,
Грех
185 раз
“Порок”
чтобы
представить её Себе
славною Церковью, не
имеющею пятна, или
порока,
или чего-либо
подобного, но дабы она
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue – 3 № 3 (2025) / ISSN 2181-3701
67
“Transgression”,
For
I have been blameless with
him and have kept myself
from iniquity Remember not
the sins of my youth and my
transgressions…
(Psalm 25,
615)
“Fault”,…
not for any
offense or fault of mine, O
Lord (Psalm 59, 665)
“Evil”,
show no mercy to those who
are faithless and
evil
. (Psalm
666)
“Unrighteousness”,
God is faithful and just to
forgive us our sins, and to
cleanse
us
from
all
unrighteousness...(
Morning
prayer I) “
Error”,
you have
brought us out of
error
into
truth, out of sin into
righteousness, out of death
into life.( Holy eucharist 2,
368)
“Guilt”…
let them be
found guilty when brought to
trial.(Psalm 636)
82) “ Yomonlik”
Kim
yomonlik
(kufr) bilan
kelsa,
bas,
yuztuban
hollarida
do'zaxga
tashlanurlar.(naml surasi,
90)
была
свята
и
непорочна.
Ибо
довольно, что вы в
прошедшее
время
жизни поступали по
воле
языческой,
предаваясь
нечистотам, похотям (
первое
соборное
послание
святого
апостола
Петра
глава4,2)
“
Беззаконие”
Они
получат возмездие за
беззаконие, ибо они
полагают
удовольствие
во
вседневной
роскоши;(Второе
соборное
послание
святого апостола Петра
глава
2,
13)
“Нечистота
”
Дела
плоти известны; они
суть: прелюбодеяние,
блуд,
нечистота,
непотребство…(Послан
ие к Галатам святого
Апостола Павла глава
5,19)
Repentance 24
раз . В
книге встречается такой
синоним
как
“Сontrition”
When
the
penitent has confessed all
serious sins troubling the
conscience and has given
evidence of due
contrition
,
the priest gives such counsel
and encouragement as are
needed and pronounces
absolution.
(reconciliation
446)
Таvba
lexemasi
114 marta
uchraydi
“Poklanish”…
Bas, (unga)
ayt: "Sening (kufrdan)
poklanishga
xohishing
bormi
? “Istig’for aytish”
…Ular
istig'for
aytib
(kechirim so'rab) turgan
hollarida ham Alloh ularni
azoblovchi emas. (anfol
surasi 33) “
Kechirim
so’rash”
…kechirim
so’rash Yusuf! Bu (ish)ni
qo'ygin, sen esa (ey,
Zulayxo) gunohing uchun
Покаяние
7 раз.
“
Плач”
ввергнут их в
печь огненную; там
будет плач и скрежет
зубов;(
От
Матфея
святое благословение
глава 13, 42)
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue – 3 № 3 (2025) / ISSN 2181-3701
68
kechirim so'ra. Zero, sen
yanglishganlardan
bo'lding", - dedi.
( yusuf
surasi 29)
Church 492.
В книге
используются
такие
синонимы как “
The House
of God”,
I went with the
multitude, and brought them
forth into
the house of God
(Burial 471)
“The kingdom
of God”,
you proclaimed
the
kingdom of God
in villages,
towns, and lonely places:
(Prayers 825)
Мasjid 43
marta
ishlatilgan
Ibodatxona
Alloh nomi ko'p zikr
qilinadigan (rohiblarning)
uzlatgohlari,
(nasroniylarning)
butxonalari,
(yahudiylarning)
ibodatxonalari
va
(musulmonlarning)
masjidlari vayron qilingan
bo'lur edi.(Haj surasi, 40)
Церковь 31 раз
“
Храм”
И выйдя, Иисус
шёл от
храма;
и
приступили
ученики
Его, чтобы показать
Ему здания храма. (От
Матфея
святое
благословение
глава
24, 1)
Angel 84.
В книге
приводятся
такие
синонимы как
, “Heavenly
Hosts”,
Rejoice
now,
heavenly hosts
and choirs of
angels, (Easter vigil 286)
,
Farishta
221
marta
ishlatilgan
“Maloika”…
U
bilan qasamyod etib, Alloh
taolo har bir insonni turli
balo-qazolardan
qo'riqlovchi
maloikalar
borligi…(Toriq
surasi,
izoh)
Ангел
220
раз …
Когда
Ангел,
говоривший
с
Корнилием, отошёл, то
он, призвав двоих из
своих
слуг
и
благочестивого воина
из находившихся при
нём…
(Деяния святых
Апостолов глава10,7)
Devil
6
раз. В книге
приводятся
такие
синонимы как “
The Evil
One”,
… and the
evil ones
their thoughts (Morning
prayer 2, 86)
“Serpent”,
They are as venomous as a
serpent
(Psalm 59, 665)
Shayton
58
marta
ishlatilgan.
“Iblis”,
Faqat
Iblis
sajda qiluvchilar
bilan birga bo'lishdan bosh
tortdi. ( Hijr surasi, 31) Jin
(O'zi)
jinlar
va
odamlardandir"…(Nos
surasi, 6)
Сатана
(дьявол)20
раз
И
потому мы, я Павел, и
раз и два хотели
прийти к вам, но
воспрепятствовал нам
сатана
.(Первое
послание
к
Фессалоникийцам
святого
Апостола
Павла Глава2, 18)
Heaven
409
раз. В
книге
даются
такие
синонимы как “
Paradise”,
Give to your whole Church in
paradise
and on earth your
light and your peace (Collect:
Jannat
so’zi
246
marta ishlatilgan
Yoki (ey,
mo’minlar,)
sizlardan
ilgari o'tganlarning kuni
(boshlaringizga) kelmay
turib,
jannatga
(osongina)
Рай 1 раз
И знаю
о
таком
человеке
([только] не знаю — в
теле, или вне тела: Бог
знает),
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue – 3 № 3 (2025) / ISSN 2181-3701
69
contemporary 253)
“Divine”
Grant that we may share the
divine
life of him who
humbled himself to share our
humanity
(Collects;
contemporary 214)
kiramiz,
deb
o'yladingizmi?(
Baqara
surasi, 214)
что
он
был
восхищён в
рай
и
слышал неизречённые
слова,
которых
человеку
нельзя
пересказать. (глава 12,
второй послание к
Коринфянам святого
апостола Павла)
Hell
11 раз. В книге
дается такой синоним как
“Darkness”
“They do not
know, neither do they
understand; they go about in
darkness
” (Psalm 82/705)
Do’zax
211
marta
uchraydi “
Jahannam” …
Unga "Allohdan qo'rqqin"
deyilsa, g'ururi uni gunoh
ishlarga undaydi. Unga
faqat
jahannam
bas kelur.
Naqadar mudhish joy u!
(Baqara
surasi
206).
“Zulmat”…
Imon keltirgan
va solih amallarni qilgan
zotlarni
zulmatlardan
nurga chiqarish uchun
sizlarga Allohning bayon
etuvchi oyatlarini tilovat
qiladigan
payg'ambarni
(Muhammadni yubordi
).
(Taloq surasi, 11)
Ад
4
раз “
Огонь
вечный
“Тогда скажет
и тем, которые по
левую сторону: идите
от Меня, проклятые, в
огонь
вечный,
уготованный диаволу и
ангелам его(От Матфея
святое благословение
глава
глава41,
25)
“Мрак”
Ибо, если Бог
ангелов согрешивших
не пощадил, но, связав
узами адского
мрака,
предал блюсти на суд
для наказания;( второе
соборное
послание
святого
Апостола
Петра, глава2,4)
Kindness 44
раз
используется в книге, а
также
даются
такие
синонимы
как
“G
oodness”
… so that we may
obtain forgiveness by his
infinite
goodness
and
mercy…( Confession of sin,
evening prayer I) “
Virtue”
…
Send your Holy Spirit and
pour into our hearts your
greatest gift, which is love,
the true bond of peace and of
all virtue. ( Preface of
epiphany,
collects
of
traditional 164)
“Love”…
Yaxshilik
115
marta
ishlatilgan.
“Mehribon”
Alloh eng
yaxshi saqlaguvchidir va U
mehribonlarning
mehribonrog'idir".
(Yusuf surasi, 64). Rahm-
shavqat
Добро
102 раза
“Благость
“Или
пренебрегаешь
богатство
благости,
кротости
и
долготерпения Божия,
не
разумея,
что
благость Божия ведёт
тебя
к
покаянию?(Послание к
Римлянам
святого
апостола
Павла
глава2,4)
“Правда”
В
нём
открывается
правда
Божия от веры
в веру, как написано:
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue – 3 № 3 (2025) / ISSN 2181-3701
70
Preserve us from faithless
fears and worldly anxieties,
and grant that no clouds of
this mortal life may hide from
us the light of that love which
is immortal
(
Preface of the
Epiphany,
or of the
Lord’s
Day
/collects
traditions
164)
“Mercy”..
you always
resist the proud who confide
in their own strength, so you
never forsake those who
make their boast of your
mercy (Proper18 Collects:
contemporary 233)
праведный верою жив
будет.( Послание к
Римлянам
святого
Апостола Павла глава
1,17) “
Любовь”…
Но
Бог Свою
любовь
к нам
доказывает тем, что
Христос умер за нас,
когда мы были ещё
грешниками.
(Послание к Римлянам
святого апостола Павла
глава 5,8) “
Свет”
и
уверен о себе, что ты
путеводитель слепых,
свет
для находящихся
во тьме, (Послание к
Римлянам
святого
апостола Павла глава
2,19)
Evil
156
раз
используется в книге. В
книге
есть
такие
синонимы как
“Malice”
…
Not with the old leaven, the
leaven of
malice
and evil…
Yomonlik
93
marta
uchraydi.
…
Kimki
yomonlik
qilsa
o’sha
yomonlik bilan jazolanur.
O’ziga Allohdan o’zga na
biror do’st topadi va na
biror
yordamchi…(niso
surasi,123)
Зло
132
раз
“Бес”
И
бес,
повергнув
его посреди[синагоги],
вышел из него, нимало
не повредив ему ( От
Луки
святое
благословествование
глава 4,35 )
“Пагуба”
…
Пагуба разрушение и
пагуба
на
путях
их;(послание святого
Апостола Павла глава3,
15)
“Тьма”
и уверен о
себе,
что
ты
путеводитель слепых,
свет для находящихся
во
тьме
, (Послание к
Римлянам
святого
апостола Павла глава
2,19)
RESULTS
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue – 3 № 3 (2025) / ISSN 2181-3701
71
The universal religious lexemes found in Uzbek, Russian, and English reflect
important concepts common to most world religions. These words, despite their different
religious and cultural contexts, retain similar meanings and play an important role in the
spiritual practice and communication of believers. It is important to note that even if the
words have similar meanings, their usage and specific interpretation may vary depending
on the religious tradition and cultural characteristics of each country. Individual religious
lexemes are words and expressions that reflect religious themes and have features related
to spiritual practice, beliefs, cultural traditions, and historical aspects of religious life. They
can be either widely used or specialized, used in certain contexts, for example, in worship
or religious literature. Unlike universal religious lexemes, such as words related to the
concept of God, spiritual values and practices, individual religious lexemes are
characterized by features that directly relate to a particular culture and tradition.
Individual religious lexemes are words and expressions that reflect religious
themes and have features related to spiritual practice, beliefs, cultural traditions, and
historical aspects of religious life. They can be either widely used or specialized, used in
certain contexts, for example, in worship or religious literature. Unlike universal religious
lexemes, such as words related to the concept of God, spiritual values and practices,
individual religious lexemes are characterized by features that directly relate to a
particular culture and tradition.
Individual religious lexemes
Baptism - ritual of purification
Communion - Christian sacrament
Mass - catholic worship service
Jihot - Striving or effort, fighting in the way of Allah. Jihad can mean both an internal
struggle against sin and temptation, and an external struggle for the protection of Islam.
Кofir- An unbeliever, one who rejects faith in Allah. This word in Islam describes a
person who has not converted to Islam.
Sadaqа- A voluntary donation for good causes, not obligatory, but highly valued in
Islam. It is a way to help the poor, the needy and to do good in society.
Zakat - Obligatory donation, one of the five pillars of Islam, which Muslims are
required to pay if they possess a certain level of wealth. Sunset is meant to help the poor
and needy.
Хаj - This is not only a physical journey to Mecca, but also a deep spiritual
experience, the purpose of which is to purify oneself from sins, get closer to Allah and
strengthen the unity of Muslims. This is an important rite for every Muslim, and its
performance is regarded as great piety and honor.
Хаlol - It is an Arabic word that in Islam means permitted, permitted, permitted or
lawful. It is used to denote what is permissible or permitted in accordance with Islamic law
(Sharia).
Хаrom - this is something that is forbidden or not allowed in Islam. For example,
pork, alcohol, robbery, murder - it's all considered haram.
Троица - This is one of the main and key teachings in Christianity, according to
which God exists in three persons, but remains One. This means that God is not three
separate entities, but one being that manifest in three different persons: the Father, the
Son (Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit. These three Persons of the Trinity have the same divine
essence, but each of them has its own unique role.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue – 3 № 3 (2025) / ISSN 2181-3701
72
Воскресение - The resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead on the third day after His
crucifixion. This event is the foundation of the Christian faith and is celebrated on Easter.
Благодать - one of the key concepts in Christian theology, which means undeserved
mercy and God's direct favor to man. Grace in Christianity is associated with God's love, which
manifests itself in the gift of salvation and forgiveness of sins, despite human imperfection.
Крещение- A sacrament that symbolizes purification from sins and entry into the
Christian faith. In Orthodoxy and Catholicism, baptism is performed through washing with
water, and in some Protestant churches through full immersion.
Икона - A sacred image, which in Christianity serves to worship and remind of saints,
events from the life of Christ and other religious figures.
Conclusion
Universal religious lexemes are terms that have similar meanings and uses in different
languages and cultures, regardless of their religious traditions. These lexemes are associated
with concepts common to humanity, such as God, faith, prayer, and salvation. Let's look at a
few such lexemes that can be found in Uzbek, Russian and English. These lexemes are used in
religious contexts and retain similar meanings, but they may also have cultural characteristics
associated with a particular religion or historical tradition. We have taken universal lexemes,
the concepts of which exist in English, Uzbek and Russian. Each lexeme plays an important
key role in shaping the concept of religion and often performs the same functionality.
REFERENCES:
1.
Bugaeva, I.V. The language of the Orthodox sphere: current state, development
trends: Abstract of the dissertation. ... Doctor of Philology. sciences. – Moscow, 2010.
2.
Bulavina S.V. Russian stable phrases containing church-religious vocabulary.
Voronezh, 2003.156 p.
3.
Chebbo A. Arabic to English Translation of Islamic Religious Texts: Dissertation
for the Master’s degree, Sharjah: Sharjah University. 2006, 166 p., available at:
dspace.aus.edu›xmlui/handle/11073/24…
4.
Ghazala H. Translation as Problems and Solutions: A Textbook for University
Students and Trainee Translators. — Jeddah.: Konozz AlMarifa. 2008. — 363(48) p.)
5.
Goryushina, R. I. The lexicon of Christianity in Russian (systematic relation of
direct confessional and derived secular words): dissertation .... candidate of philological
sciences / R. I. Goryushina. - Volgograd, 2002. - 180 с.
6.
Мechkovskaya, N.B. Yazik i religiya. – М., 1998. – 352 p.
7.
Rashidova D. The feature of religious text as the type of religious discourse and
classification of its lexicon. International Scientific – Methodological Electronical Journal
Foreign Languages in Uzbekistan, 2024, vol.10, No1, pp.28-38
8.Timofeev K. A. Religious lexicon of the Russian language as an expression
of Christian worldview: a monograph / K. A. Timofeev. - Novosibirsk, 2001.
- 88 p.
9.Yusupova Sh. Diniy matnlarning lingvopragmatik tadqiqi. (Linguopragmatic
Investigation of Religious Texts), Dissertation of the Doctor of Philosophy
(PhD). — Ferghana, 2020. — 63 p.
