Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika –
Зарубежная лингвистика и
лингводидактика – Foreign
Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Journal home page:
https://inscience.uz/index.php/foreign-linguistics
Linguistic correlations between explicit and implicit
meaning in Olympic sport terms
Oybek AKHMEDOV
1
Uzbekistan State World Languages University
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received September 2024
Received in revised form
10 October 2024
Accepted 25 October 2024
Available online
15 November 2024
This article explores the linguistic correlations between the
explicit and implicit meanings of sports and Olympic terms. It
also examines the presentation of synonymous terms, antonyms,
and polysemantic terms in translation, supported by
linguostatistical analysis. Additionally, the article provides a
thorough analysis of the lexical-semantic and semantic-
structural aspects of sports terminology.
2181-3701/© 2024 in Science LLC.
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-3701-vol2-iss6-pp127-133
This is an open-access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru
Keywords:
term,
terminology,
antonymy of terms,
terms synonymy,
lexical-semantic relations,
terminological field,
translation and
terminological dictionaries,
functional feature.
Sport – оlimpiya terminlarida eksplisit va implisit ma’nolar
o‘rtasidagi lingvistik korrelyatsiyalar
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar:
termin,
terminologiya,
terminlarning antonimiyasi,
sinonim terminlar,
leksik-semantik
munosabatlar,
terminologik maydon,
tarjima va terminologik
lug‘atlar,
funksional xususiyat.
Ushbu maqolada sport va olimpiadaga oid terminlarning
eksplitsit va implitsit ma’nolarining o‘zaro lingvistik
munosabatlari aks etgan. Shuningdek, sinonim terminlar,
antonim va polisemantik terminlarning tarjimada berilishi va
ularning lingvostatistik tahliliga ham to‘xtalib o‘tilgan. Bundan
tashqari, mazkur maqolada sport terminlarining leksik-
semantik, semantik-struktur jihatlari atroflicha tahlilga tortilgan.
1
Doctor of Science in Philology (DSc), Professor, Uzbekistan State World Languages University.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue – 2 № 6 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
128
Лингвистические корреляции между эксплицитным и
иплицитным значением в спортивно-олимпийских
терминах
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
термин,
терминология,
антонимия терминов,
термины-синонимы,
лексико-семантические
отношения,
терминологическое поле,
переводные и
терминологические
словари,
функциональная
особенность.
В статье рассматриваются лингвистические корреляции
эксплицитных и имплицитных значений спортивных и
олимпийских терминов. Особое внимание уделено
вопросам представления синонимических, антонимических
и многозначных терминов в процессе перевода, а также их
лингвостатистическому анализу. Кроме того, проведен
подробный анализ лексико-семантических и семантико-
структурных аспектов спортивной терминологии. Работа
акцентирует внимание на сложностях и особенностях
интерпретации спортивных терминов в различных
языковых контекстах.
The lexical units of each language are connected using certain relations and show
the unique features of the whole system. This indicates that it is necessary to study the
basis of the relationship between them by classifying them. Nowadays, scientists use
different methods and methods to classify lexical units. In this direction, the research of
terminological systems and lexical units in terminology, and the classification of mutual
relations between them is one of the urgent issues facing terminologists.
Multiple meanings of a certain word in the language (polysemy), on the contrary,
two or more words have mutual meanings (synonymy), similar forms have different
meanings (homonymy), two words have opposite (opposite) meanings (antonymy) as a
widespread linguistic code, widely applied to the field of sports terminology by some
linguists will be done.
Synonyms are one of the factors that show the richness of any language. A. In
Reformatsky terminology, in addition to original synonyms, the use of one word in
different forms leads to the creation of doublets from one base. He also notes that doublets
are created with the help of morphologically different affixes and prefixes, and divides
them into doublets, which are made phonetically (foset-foset); orthographically (set-set),
and semi-elliptical, semi-wordy abbreviations, lexical, syntactic doublets.
According to him, synonyms are different words, and doublets are different forms
of one word. Therefore, he states that distinguishing synonyms and doublets is one of the
most important tasks when comparing terminology. Here, R. Doniyorov who studied the
terminology of the Uzbek language, gave the following definition of synonyms.
Accordingly, I. Siddiqova notes specifically the possibility of their lexical exchange in the
text as a criterion for determining whether words are synonyms. For example: linguistics
and linguistics, opium and opium, autogyre and helicopter, etc. Based on the above
definitions, it is explained that the terms and lexemes related to sports in English and
Uzbek are synonymous and have semantic similarity and closeness. We will try to prove
this in the process of researching the synonymous characteristics of sports terms and
lexemes in English and Uzbek languages. The widespread phenomenon of synonymy in the
field of terminology is characteristic of the formation of terminological systems.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue – 2 № 6 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
129
If we look at the semantic structure of English and Uzbek sports terms from a
linguistic point of view, we can see that the terms of this subject have the same
characteristics as common words, polysemanticity, synonymy, and antonymy. we found
out that the concept is manifested as a relative phenomenon.
E.I. Dibrova emphasizes that the naming of neologisms, new words, new creations
and innovations (represented by a new term/lexical unit) can be used as an equal tool
instead of synonyms. Based on E.I. Dibrova's opinion, we found it necessary to give our
definition as follows.
Names related to the field of sports are represented by different stylistic layers, and
sports terminology is distinguished by the excessive number of designations, the existence
of terminological synonymy, the variability and instability of language laws. Acquisitions
in the process of structural-semantic adaptation of lexical units related to the field of sports
have a significant impact on the leveling and internationalization of the base of sports
concepts of the acquired language. As a result, the scope of polysemy expands, and
homonymy, antonymic pairs, and synonymous lines appear.
Based on the results of our scientific research, the ambiguity of the terms used in the
field of physical education and sports is determined by their use in the processes of sports
training, national and international competitions.
For example, in English, the word “grade” is widely used and understood as a
criterion for determining the result of a person mastering any field (science). An athlete's
performance in high jump or long jump, usually a personal record or best result 2. The
starting line in the competition; (boxing) navel area of the div; (equestrian) mark
(points) (handicap mark) for the movement of horse jumping. (93)
The word assist, which is most actively used in the field of sports, is used as a noun
in the following meanings: (hockey) pass (passing the puck), a pass that provides the lead
in goals; (basketball) a pass that allows the ball to be thrown into the basket (pass);
(lacrosse) a pass before a goal is scored.
We have found out that the lexical unit in the form of kick, one of the words widely
used in the field of sports in English, is also used synonymously in the terminology of the
field of sports. For example: (athletics) a sudden increase in speed after a long run,
(shooting) the impact (kick) of a gun on a person's div when a gun is fired, (snooker) dust
or ice on a billiard table causing an uncertain collision between the billiard cue and the cue
ball. blow In addition, kick is the main component of the combined terms and they are used
in the following meanings: kick-in – practicing hitting the goal before the start of the game,
kick out – (basketball) a kick from inside the penalty line to a player outside the penalty
line, corner kick – (soccer) a kick from the corner of the field, etc.
Similarly, ball is actively used as the main component of terminological
combinations: ball carrier – (rugby) player who carries (controls) the ball at any time, ball
court – in general, a stone-paved field for games played with a ball, ball game – any game
played with a ball, ball hawk – (American football) (sniper, hard ball) a colloquial term for
a player who quickly receives and controls the ball, ball-out – (jumping from a
springboard) the movement of jumping backward and somersaulting forward at a ratio of
1.25, ball player – (football) a player with good ball handling skills; (baseball) a player
participating in the game, ball skills – (football) the knowledge and skill of a skilled player
in the perception of the ball, ball tampering – (cricket) (ball tampering) changing the outer
surface layer of the ball or removing the ball threads with a finger in order to gain an
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue – 2 № 6 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
130
advantage foul, ball up – (Australian football) at the beginning of the game, the referee
throws the ball up in the center of the field, and the players of the team compete for
possession and start the game.
By the synonymous relationship of sports terms and lexemes in the English and
Uzbek languages, we understand the interaction of synonymous terms and lexemes
representing different aspects of the same concept and subject. As a result of our research,
we found that this linguistic phenomenon is directly related to sports terminology in
English and Uzbek languages. Therefore, the content of these terms is the same, but the
form is different, that is, one is a word specific to a certain language, and the other is
borrowed from another language, differing only in form and spelling, and consists of
variants of the same term or lexical units.
As observed in the terminology of other fields, it was observed that the phenomenon
of synonymy occurs in the semantic structure of sports terms. In the course of our
research, it was found that the phenomenon of synonymy also exists in the terminology of
English sports. When we analyzed the English sports terms, it was found that 876 terms
have synonyms, that is, 8.43% of the total number of sports terms. In total, 348 synonyms
were identified, confirming the prevalence of synonymy in ICT terminology.
The synonyms in Uzbek and English sports terminology were analyzed as follows:
1) synonyms in the range of fields; 2) the number of terms in synonyms; 3) the structure
of terms in synonyms; 4) reasons for the appearance of synonyms; 5) absolute synonyms
or relative synonyms (doublets).
As a result of the analysis, it became clear that the number of terms and lexemes in
the synonym series is from two to five, and the most widespread of them is the synonym
series consisting of two terms. 448 synonym series consisting of two terms were
determined. For example, sword = rapier – sword; athlete = sportsman sweat suit =
training suit; step sideways = lateral step – step to the side; smash= spike– attack blow;
second go = second lap – second round; rotation = spin-spin, turn, rotation; rock-up = roll-
over – rolling; riposte cut = counter-blow
Synonymous terms are structurally divided into the following types:
– two subterms: coach = tutor – coach, mentor;
– two complex terms: fixture=occurrence–meeting, competition, competition.
– root term and compound term: race=foot-race, horse-race, – race, running race,
horse race;
– tubterminvaTB: Long Slow Distance<LSD=long slow distance running – long slow
distance running (training that increases the endurance of an athlete);
– terms in the form of word combinations: auxiliary exercise = auxiliary gymnastics
– auxiliary exercises;
– the shortened form of the term combination (tb): average weight= mean weight –
hotplugging=hotplug; interrupthandler=IH.
During the analysis:
1. 73 types of terms in boracinones were determined. For example, string = cord =
rope – rope, straight blow = straight smash = forehand stroke – blow given directly
(in front). This is one of the most widespread models in the series of models – tb = tb =
tbbo, and the following can be cited as an example: muzzle velocity = initial speed = initial
velocity – initial speed; zonal competitions= zonal events= zonal tournament– regional
competitions, tournaments.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
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2. 38 synonyms of four terms were defined: target = sight = aim = mark – target.
Officiating = refereeing = umpiring = judging – judging. Narrow clutch = narrow grasp =
narrow grip = close grip and others.
3. Also, we determined 8 synonymous lines consisting of five terms. For this, we gave
examples of synonymous lines such as equestrian= horseman = man rider = rider =
cavalryman – rider; cooperation= coordinated action= coordination= interaction= link-up
– cooperative action;
4. The six-letter word: equestrian = horseman = man rider = rider = cavalryman =
horserider – rider; lineup = makeup = team = composition = roster = string – composition,
team.
5. One of the eight categories: judge = official = referee = timekeeper = umpire =
announcer = second = stopwatch – arbitrator, judge, second judge, stopwatch.
In the Uzbek sports terminology, a synonymous line consisting of two terms can be
used, such as gaduel = one-on-one competition, element = component. Penalty = a penalty
kick kicked into the goal from eleven meters = free kick.
The following four terms are used: football tournament = football match = football
competition, football game. It is possible to include terms such as state of preparation for
sports = sports uniform = physical condition = physical form.
If you compare the three terms, you will find the following: leader = favorite = leader.
Foul = forbidden action = violation. International tournament = international competition
= international match. We can use terms like Penal'ti = penalty kick kicked into the goal
from eleven meters = free kick.
As a result of our observations, we found out that linguistic and extralinguistic
factors can cause the widespread synonymy in sports terminology. According to
O.N. Kaverina, the linguistic factor includes the desire of the language to more fully express
the objective reality, to express the unique features of a concept. In our opinion, the spread
of synonymy in terminology, especially in sports terminology, is caused by linguistic and
extralinguistic factors. The following can be defined as extralinguistic factors in the
emergence of synonymous terms in sports terminology. Including:
• World-wide development of physical education and sports, and the political
position of the field in relations between countries, the emergence of new terms in the
communication of experts in foreign languages;
• In the process of globalization, the flow of information is growing at an
increasingly rapid pace. In turn, this is the use of relatively short terms as a convenient tool
instead of multi-component terminological combinations, and as a result, the emergence
of short and full forms of terms and their wide use;
• Interrelationship of different scientific and technical fields, i.e. the transfer of
terms from one field to another and the emergence of inter-field synonymy as a result.
As a result of our analysis, we considered it appropriate to divide the existing lexical
units in sports terminology into groups according to their meaning in the form of a short
table. In particular, field-related term synonyms were described in the form of absolute
synonyms or doublets (full-field synonyms), relative synonyms (incomplete-interfield
synonyms), and abbreviated variants.
Classification of lexical units in sports terminology according to their meaning
If we agree with the views of the above-mentioned scientists, it is no exaggeration
to say that abbreviations are synonymous variants of multi-component terminological
compounds, and all terms are created on the basis of the reduction process.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
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In the process of analysis, 348 synonyms were found in the language of absolute and
relative synonyms. The majority of terms-synonyms are absolute synonyms or doublets,
which made up 4.97% of the total terms-synonyms. 107 relative synonyms were identified
and made up 3.43% of the total number of terms-synonyms.
In our conclusions, we evaluated absolute synonyms and doublets in the English and
Uzbek languages as a factor causing certain misunderstandings when expressing the
meaning of the word related to the field of sports. We believe that the relative synonyms
(partial inter-synonyms) related to sports in English and Uzbek do not hinder the
understanding of the meaning of the term used as an inter-synonym.
The participation of two or more terminological units in the synonymy of sports
field terms in expressing a certain concept was determined and analyzed in the examples
taken for analysis above. Also, in order to determine the meanings of these terminological
units in a mutually contradictory relationship, we found it necessary to clarify their
antonymic series.
I. Dolgova distinguishes the following three main features of the antonymy of terms:
1) antonym terms express the real opposition between words; 2) antonym terms name the
contradictory functions of the same sign, phenomenon, and characteristics;
3) antonym terms name the most contradictory meanings in the two poles of changes
occurring in the semantic field.
There are two types of terminological antonyms: lexical antonyms and
morphological antonyms. We considered it necessary to study the antonymic terms related
to the field of sports by dividing them into single lexeme and compound terms according
to their structure. Therefore, one-lexeme terms can consist of different (successful-
unsuccessful; valid-invalid) or similar stems (gain-loss, guest-host). For the relationship of
antonymy to exist, there must be an opposite (conflicting) meaning relationship in the
lexical meanings of terminological lexemes. This includes antonymic lexical units other
than terminological elements (prefixes, suffixes). The antonymic nature of terminological
units in the field of sports can be described as follows:
Among the words that are antonyms: collecting – losing; indoor–outdoor; horizontal
– vertical; at guest–at home.
In Uzbek: winning-losing, winter-summer; opening-closing, etc.
Using antonymous words in the determining part of syntactically formed terms:
primary lap – last lap
opening ceremony/tournament –closing ceremony/tournament
indoor games–outdoor games
indoor court – outdoor court
underswing backward–underswing forward
horizontal balance–vertical balance
horizontal movement – vertical movement
free jump–vault jump
valid hit – invalid hit
sprinter – long-distance runner
Soft Boots / Shoes – Hard Boots / Hard Shoes
whitelist– blacklist
low-level list of athletes – high-level list of athletes
weak point–strong point
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue – 2 № 6 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
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weak blow – strong blow
initial circle-sung circle;
horizontal movement-vertical movement;
sprint (short-distance running) – long-distance running (marathon);
fine point-strong point;
soft boots (sports shoes) – hard boots.
open court – closed court.
3. Terminologically used in both languages (having international status) by means
of prefixes:
While studying the examples given above, we found out that the terms and
terminological lexemes related to the field of sports in English and Uzbek have the
following characteristics: 1) one negates the other (creates a mutually contradictory
relationship); 2) by expressing opposite concepts, one of the meanings of the lexical unit
excludes the other. It should be emphasized that the antonymic relationship between term
combinations is equivalent to contextual antonymy. For example initial speed – fire (last)
speed; initial speed–final speed; offensive zone–defensive zone; offensive zone–defensive
zone; the variable motion–invariable motion; the variable motion–invariable motion;
active wrestling–inactive wrestling; active wrestling (battle)–inactive wrestling; outdoor
swimming pool–indoor swimming pool; outdoor swimming pool-indoor swimming pool;
enter-exit; entry-exit.k.
Therefore, antonyms should be different in terms of usage, that is, they should
consist of different lexemes. Lexical antonyms occur in a small amount among sports
terms. It was concluded that the relationship of antonymy in existing sports terms mainly
consists of contextual and grammatical antonymy.
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