Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika –
Зарубежная лингвистика и
лингводидактика – Foreign
Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Journal home page:
https://inscience.uz/index.php/foreign-linguistics
Semantic development of the verbs “feorrian, fyrsian,
feorsian” and verbs of direction, which are included in
4 categories of Old English
Sitora MARDONOVA
1
Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received September 2024
Received in revised form
10 October 2024
Accepted 25 October 2024
Available online
25 November 2024
This article analyzes the semantic structure of some motion
verbs in the English language, based on which specific semantic
events of the verbs of movement are determined. The main
attention is paid to certain structures and boundaries of verbs,
that is, the semantic field of verbs belonging to this group, and
the semantic classification of lexemes of this group of verbs to
identify their common, unifying, differentiating semantics.
2181-3701/© 2024 in Science LLC.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-3701-vol2-iss5
This is an open-access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru
Keywords:
diachronic,
typology,
meaning,
semantics,
form,
space,
verbs of action,
differentiation,
path verbs.
Qadimgi ingliz tilidagi “feorrian, fyrsian, feorsian” yo‘nalish
harakati fe’llari va 4 ta turkumga kiritilgan fe’llarning
semantik taraqqiyoti
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar:
Diaxronik,
tipologiya,
simema,
ma’no,
semantika,
shakl,
makon,
hаrakat fe’llari,
differensiya,
yo‘nalish harakat fe’llari.
Mazkur maqolada ingliz tilidagi ba’zi harakat fe’llarining
semantik taraqqiyotini tahlil qilish, shu asosda yurish harakati
fe’llarining o‘ziga xos semantik voqealanishini belgilash. Yurish
harakat semali fe’llarning tarkibi va chegarasini aniqlash, ya’ni
ushbu fe’llarning semantik maydonini aniqlash hamda mazkur
fe’l leksemalarning semantik tasnifini amalga oshirish ularning
mushtarak (umumiy), birlashtiruvchi, farqlovchi semalarini
aniqlashga e’tibor qaratilgan.
1
Teacher, Department of English Language Teaching Methodology, Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages.
E-mail: mardonovasitora@yahoo.com
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Special Issue – 5 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
412
Семантическое развитие глаголов “feorrian, fyrsian,
feorsian” и глаголов направления, которые включаются
в 4 категории древнеанглийского языка
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
диахроника,
типология,
симема,
значение,
семантика,
форма,
пространство,
семема,
глаголы действия,
дифференциация,
глаголы направления.
В данной статье анализируется семантическая структура
некоторых глаголов движения в английском языке, на
основе которой определяются конкретные определенные
структуры и разграничения семантического поля глаголов,
принадлежащих к этой группе, и семантической
классификации лексем данной группы глаголов для
выявления их общей, объединяющей, дифференцирующей
семантики.
KIRISH QISMI.
Holat hamda neytral harakat fe’llariga qaraganda yo‘nalish harakat fe’llari
kamchilikni tashkil etadi. Ammo yo‘nalish harakat fe’llari kamchilikni tashkil etsada,
qadimgi ingliz tilida tez-tez qo‘llanilgan. Shuning uchun yo‘nalish harakat fe’llari semantik
taraqqiyotiga hech qanday chegara qo‘yilmagan. Qadimgi ingliz tilida yo‘nalish harakat
fe’llari kodlangan ma’noga ega bo‘lib ularning sof ma’nosi kamdan kam hollarda uchragan.
Masalan qadimgi “scipian” “to take ship” ya’ni “kemaga chiqish” ma’nosidagi yo‘nalish
harakat fe’li “kemaning ichiga qarab harakatlanish” aniqrog‘i “ichkariga harakat” kabi
ma’noga asoslangan ya’ni faqatgina kemaga nisbatan bajarilayotgan harakat ma’nosini
ifodalagan (Talmi 1975, 1985 – 85 b). Qadimgi ingliz tilida yo‘nalish harakat ma’nosida
kelgan fe’llar ko‘plab qo‘shimcha tushunchalarga ega bo‘lgan va ushbu fe’llar sof yo‘nalish
harakat sifatida ishlatilmagan. Ushbu qarashlar juda ko‘p tortishuvlarga sabab bo‘lgan va
natijada qadimgi ingliz tilidagi sof yo‘nalish harakat fe’llari inventarizasiyaga uchragan va
qadimgi Lotin tili yoki Fransuz tilidan o‘zlashtirilgan (Herbst & Klotz 2003: 107– 23;
Svensén 2009: 253–79). Yuqorida keltirilgan fikrlarning isbotini maqolaning asosiy
qismida keltirilgan misollar bilan ko‘rsatib berishga harakat qilamiz.
ASOSIY QISM.
Masalan:
1 misol: gif hi hwylcne man on ðam landum ongitað oððe him hwylc folligende bið,
þonne
feorriað
hi & fleoð.
Yuqorida keltirilgan 1-misolda qadimgi ingliz tilidagi “feorrian” yo‘nalish harakat fe’li
“uzoqlarga ketish, ketish” ma’nosida ishlatilgan. Ushbu fe’l o‘zi bilan albatta qo‘shimcha ya’ni
“uzoqlarga” ma’nosini ifodalab kelgan. Qadimgi lotin tilidan tarjima qilinganda “
longe fugiunt”
ya’ni “uzoqlarga ketmoq va qochib ketmoq” ma’nolarini ifodalab kelgan. Shunday qilib ushbu
fe’l o‘zida “uzoqlarga” kabi ma’noni mujassamlashtirgan.
“Uzoq” ma’nosidagi qo‘shimcha komponent dan tashqari “
feorrian”
fe’li sof yo‘nalish
harakat fe’liga mos keladi. Qadimgi ingliz tilida “
feorrian”
fe’li “jilo, jilolanish”
kabi
ma’nolarni ham ifodalab kelgan. Qadimgi lotin tilining
“elongare”
fe’lidan kelib chiqgan.
Demak bundan ko‘rinib turibdiki, qadimgi lotin tilidan kelib chiqgan
“elongare”
fe’li
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
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qadimgi ingliz tili
“feorrian”
fe’li bilan morfologik jihatdan o‘xshash bo‘lib bunda
“longus”
“long, far”
va qadimgi ingliz tili
“feor”
“far”
ma’nolarini ifodalagan. Fanegoning
ta’kidlashicha yuqorida keltirilgan misollar morfologik tahlilar hamda har bir bo‘g‘inning
ma’nosini yetkazib berish uchun tadbiq etilgan (Fanego, 2012; 40-44).
Qadimgi
“(for)lǣtan”
fe’lining semantik taraqqiyoti.
Qadimgi
“(for)lǣtan”
fe’li ko‘pincha
“to leave” “tark etish”
ma’nosida ishlatilgan.
“Fæder va modor, þæt child, hine”
fe’llari kabi nafaqat joylarni balki insonlarni tark etish
ma’nolarida ham ishlatilgan (2 misol a-c).
2
misol:
a) for ðan
forlæt
se man fæder & modor, & geðeot hine to his wife.
b) þa cyrdon heo ham mid þam &
þæt child
forlæten æt þam temple mid þam oðre
femnen.
c) he wearð þa gebunden and to ðam lande gelæd, and
forleton hine
þær to anum
treowe huxlice gebundenne.
Yuqorida keltirilgan 2 (a) misolida qadimgi ingliz tilida ishlatilgan
“(for)lǣtan”
fe’li
insonlarni tark etish ma’nosida ishlatigan. Bunda “
insonlardan uzoqlarga ketish yoki
ulardan yiroqlashish”
ma’nosi sifatida ishlatilgan. 2 (b) misolida ushbu fe’l “
tashlab ketmoq”
ma’nosida ishlatilgan. 2 (c) misolida ushbu fe’l “
majburlab tashlab ketmoq”
ma’nosida
ishlatilgan.
Narsa yoki shaxsga nisbatan
“forlǣtan”
fe’lining ma’nolari orasida
“orqada
qoldirish”, “yaqinda qoldirish, e’tiborsizlik, qarovsiz qoldirmoq”, “tashlab ketmoq, butunlay
tark etmoq, aloqani uzmoq”
ma’nolari ham ishlatilgan. Semantik ta’sirlanishda “
manba va
maqsad”
yoki “
devor va shahar”
ma’nolarida keltirilgan (3 misol a,b,c).
3 misol:
a) hig þa
forlættan
þone wall & heora burh, & flugan onwæg (Fanego, 2012: 30).
b) ðes ilces geares com se abbot Heanri of Angeli æfter Æsterne to Burch & seide þet
he hæfde
forlæten
þone mynstre mid ealle.
c) ac ic wille nu þurh Godes wissunge þa
forlætenan
mynstru on minum anwealde
gehwær mid munecum gesettan & eac mid mynecenum & Godes lof geedniwian ðe ær wæs
forlæten (Fanego, 2012: 50).
Yuqorida keltirilgan misollardan kelib chiqib, “
(for)lǣtan”
fe’li qaratqich kelishigida
bironbir insonni tark etish bilan ifodalanishidan tashqari ushbu fe’l “
shahar yoki qal’a, o‘rin
yoki joylarni tark etish”
ma’nolarida ham ifodalangan. Yuqorida keltirilgan 3 (a va b, c)
misollarida “forlæten” fe’li insonlarning “
o‘z uylari va shaharlarini hamda binolarni tark
etish”
ma’nosida ishlatilganligini kuzatishimiz mumkin.
Qadimgi ingliz tili
“wīcan”
fe’li shakliga ta’sir etgan holda ya’ni gapda o‘z shaklini
o‘zgartirib
“yo‘l bermoq”
ma’nosida ifodalangan.
4 misol:
a)
wicon
weallfæsten, wægas burston, multon meretorras.
b) þæt sio ecg
gewac
brun on bane, bat unswiðor þonne his ðiodcyning þearfe hæfde
c) ne gemealt him se modsefa, ne his <mæges> laf
gewac
æt wige (Beowulf, 1408–
11, from Scragg 1991: 62– 3 (Scraggning tarjimasidan)).
Ushbu fe’lning prefiksli shakli
“yo‘l bermoq, muvoffoqiyatsizlikga uchramoq”
ma’nolarini ifodalagan. Ushbu fe’l Beowulf asarida (4 misol b va c) ajdarga qarshi kurash
epizodida ikki marotoba uchragan. Keyingi qismda keltirilgan (6 misol b) misolda birinchi
marotoba Biowulfning qilichi uni mag‘lubiyatga uchratib uning zaiflashganini tasvirlash
uchun ishlatilgan. Keyingi misolda (6 misol c) Beovulfning qo‘riqchisi Wiglaf yordamga
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Special Issue – 5 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
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keladi va Beowulfning qilichi muvoffoqiyatsizlikga uchramaydi ya’ni harakat ma’nosi
kuchaytirilayotgani ko‘rsatib kelingan. Bu yerda fe’l harakat hodisasini tasvirlab keluvchi
sifatida talqin qilinida.
“wīcan”
fe’li sof yo‘nalish harakat fe’llarini ifodalab kelgan (Beowulf,
1408– 11, Scragg 1991: 62– 3 (Scraggning tarjimasidan)).
Qadimgi ingliz tili
“(ge)witan”
fe’li semantik taraqqiyoti.
Qadimgi ingliz tili lug‘atida ushbu fe’l
“to go, depart, go out” “ketmoq, chiqmoq”
ma’nolarini ifodalagan. Ba’zibir manbalarda ushbu fe’l
“to turn one’s eyes in any direction
with the intention of taking that direction, to set out towards” ya’ni “biron bir yo‘nalishni
ko‘zga olib yo‘lga chiqish, ko‘zni istalgan tomonga burish”
ma’nolarini ifodalagan. Ba’zibir
olimlarning fikricha ushbu fe’l
“yo‘lga tushmoq, ketmoq”
ma’nolarini ham bildirgan
(Fanego, 2012; 41). Hamda L. Talmining fikricha ushbu fe’l “bir joydan uzoqlashish” kabi
ma’nolarga ega bo‘lgan. Bu shuni ko‘rsatadiki “(ge)witan” fe’li nafaqat yo‘nalish harakat
balki umuman harakat fe’lini tasvirlaydi (Talmi,1975; 195-205).
5.
misol:
a) and se engel him
gewat
fram.
b) oþ þæt þæt scamlease wif geswænced aweg
gewat
fram þam ehþyrle his cytan.
c) and se fugol sona aweg
gewat
.
5 c va b misollarida qo‘chimchalar predloglardan farq qilgan. Qadimgi ingliz tilida
ishlatilgan
“onweggewiteness”
fe’li keyingi misollarda
‘to depart away’ “yo‘ldan qochmoq”
kabi ma’nolarini anglatgan. Keyinchalik esa
“forðgewītan”
prefiksli fe’li ishlatilgan va uning
ma’nosi
“awaydeparture” “ketmoq”
ma’nosiga to‘g‘ri kelgan. Bundan tashqari qadimgi
ingliz tilida ishlatilgan
“gewītan”
fe’lining hozirgi zamon preterit shakli
“gewāt”
aniq bir
fe’lni ifodalash uchun prefix yoki predloglardan foydalanilmagan holda ishlatilgan.
“Gewāt”
fe’lining kamdan kam holda ishlatilishi
“o‘lmoq”
kabi ma’nolarga ega bo‘lgan (6 a misoliga
qarang). Yuqorida keltirilgan misollarda luga’tda bir qancha o‘zgarishlar ro‘y berishida
muhim rol o‘ynadi. Leksikograflar
“depart”
ya’ni
“ketish”
so‘zidan zamonaviy ingliz tilidagi
ya’ni
“vafot etmoq”
so‘zini lug‘atda yaratishdi. Aniq bir harakatni ifodalash maqsadida
“gewāt”
fe’li
yo‘nalish
harakat
ma’nosida
ishlatilgan
(6 c misoliga qarang).
6 misol:
a) ac traianus
gewat
on þæm ilcan geare.
b) Ða wæs æfter noht monegum gearum æfter his
onweggewitenesse
of Breotone,
þætte Wine wæs adrifen from þæm ilcan <cyninge> of his biscopseðle. Þa gewat he to
Wulfhere Mercna cyninge; ond mid feo gebohte æt him þæt biscopseðl æt Lundenceastre.
c) Ne con ic noht singan; & ic forþon of þeossum gebeorscipe ut eode, & hider
gewat
,
forþon ic naht singan ne cuðe.
6 misoldagi b va c bandlarida
“gewītan”
fe’li boshlang‘ich yo‘nalish harakat
ma’nosini ifodalab kelmagan. Chunki ikkala misolda ham oldingi fe’l
“chiqish”
ma’nosiga
ishora qilib kelgan. Bunda
“wæs adrifen of his biscopseðle” “was driven from his bishop’s see”
hamda
“of þeossum gebeorscipe ut eode” “went out of this feast” “bayramdan chiqib ketmoq”
makon ikkala holda ham
“gewat”
fe’liga hamrohlik qilgan va harakat maqsadini ifodalagan.
Yana bir muhim dalil shundaki
“gewītan”
fe’li infinitive bilan birga ishlatilgan (7 misol).
7 misol:
Heo feðera onsceoc,
gewat
fleogan eft mid lacum hire.
Ushbu misolda
“gewat”
fe’li makonni tark etmoq ma’nosi sifatida ishlatilgan.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
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415
Traugott buni batafsilroq muhokama qiladi va u shuni ta’kidlaydi, fe’llar yordamchi
harakat kabi foydalanilgan va harakat fe’llari bilan qo‘shilganda “gewitan” ma’nosi
zaiflashib, infinitivdagi fe’l ma’nosiga singib ketgandek bo‘ladi” (E. Traugott 2012,164-77).
Slobin ta’kidlaganidek qadimgi ingliz tilidagi infinitiv bilan nafaqat “gewītan” fe’li balki "Go
+ infinitive" ostida ta’kidlaganidek, bu kombinatsiyaga qadimgi ingliz tilidagi fe’llardan
“faran, fēran, gān” shu jumladan, bir qator harakat fe’llari qo‘llanilgan (D. Slobin, 2006: 59-
81). Harakat fe’llarining bu guruhi, ularning hech biri yo‘nalish harakat fe’llarrini
ifodalamaydi. “Gewītan” fe’lining ushbu kombinatsiyada “ketmoq” emas, balki "bormoq"
kabi ma’nolarini ham anglatishini ko‘rsatishi mumkin. Bu jarayonda keyingi davrlarda” go”
va “infinitive” orasidagi munosabat kechishga intiladi. Bunday o‘zgarish ko‘pincha harakat
ma’nosini yo‘qotadi makonda va shunchaki jihat belgisiga qisqaradi. Shuningdek Wulff, bu
masalani ko‘rib chiqgan. U hozirgi kunning konstruktiv semantikasini tasvirlaydi. Ingliz
tilidagi “go + infinitive” konstruksiyasini “harakat/hodisa boshlanishi” sifatida ko‘rib
chiqadi. Qadimgi ingliz
“gewītan + infinitive”
o‘xshash semantikaga ega bo‘lishini ehtimoldan
yiroq emasligini ta’kidlagan. Bundan tashqari qadimgi ingliz tilida birinchi shaxs ko‘plikda
hozirgi zamon istak fe’li “witan” formasi zamonaviy ingliz tili
“upon”
ko‘makchisiga to‘g‘ri kelib
ushbu fe’lning infinitive shakli
“adhortative”
sifatida qo‘llanilgan va bu hozirgi zamon ingliz
tilidagi
“let’s”
fe’liga to‘g‘ri keladi. Shunday qilib
“gewītan”
fe’li boshlang‘ich ma’noga ega bo‘lib
uning keyingi ma’nolari ya’ni
“ketmoq”
ma’nosi metonimik bog‘liqlik asosida hosil bo‘lgan
(Wulff 2006: 120).
Qadimgi ingliz tilida ishlatilgan birinchi katta turkumga kiritilgan “
crēopan, healtian,
huncettan, luncian, slincan, smūgan, snīcan, tealtrian”
fe’llari sekin harakat ma’nolarini
ifodalovchi fe’llar hisoblangan. Masalan;
8. þa wreccan munecas lagon onbuton þam weofode sume
crupon under
– And the
poor monks lay about the altar and some crept under. Mazkur misolda “
crupon under”
birikmasi shaxslarning sekin harakatini anglatib kelgan.
9. Hi nu gyt heora ealdan gewunon healdaþ and from rihtum stigum
healtiaþ
– Now
they still stick to their old habits and limp from the right paths. Keltirilgan misolda
“
healtiaþ”
fe’li shaxslarning sekin harakatlanishlarini hamda tekis yo‘lda harakatlanish
ma’nosini ifodalab kelgan.
10. Hy healtodon
huncetton
fram siþfatum heora – They halted or limped from their
paths. Ushbu misolda qadimgi ingliz tilida ishlatilgan “
huncetton”
fe’li shaxslarning sekin
harakat ma’nosini yoki bo‘lmasam to‘xtalib harakatlanish ma’nosini ifodalagan.
11. Seo nædre ongan
slincan
in þæt scræf – The snake started to crawl into the cave.
Yuqorida keltirilgan misolda qadimgi ingliz tilida ishlatilgan “
slincan”
fe’li ichkariga sekin
harakat qilish ma’nosini ifodalagan.
12. þattor smeh
geond
ealne þone lichoman – The poison crept through the entire
div. Mazkur misolda
“geond”
fe’li narsa predmetning sekin harakat ma’nosini ifodalab
kelgan.
13. Đa wunde
snicaþ
in ða innoðas mines lichoman – The wounds creep into the
inside of my div. Ushbu misolda
“snicaþ”
fe’lining tahlili berilgan bo‘lib, bunda ichkariga
sekin kirib bormoq ma’nosi berilgan.
14. We
tealtrigaþ
tydran mode hwearfiaþ heanlice – We stagger with weak mind,
wander disgracefully. Yuqorida keltirilgan misolda “
tealtrigaþ”
fe’li gandiraklamoq
ma’nosini ifodalab kelgan. Ushbu fe’l turgan joyda harakatlanish ma’nosini ifodalab kelgan.
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Qadimgi ingliz tilida havo va suvda harakat ma’nolarini ifodalovchi fe’llar hamda
ularga keltirilgan misollar.
15. ac
gedufan
sceolun in ðone deopan wælm – But they shall plunge into the deep
fiery flame. 15 misolda qadimgi ingliz tilida ishlatilgan “
gedufan”
fe’li shung‘imoq
ma’nosini ifodalab kelgan. Bunda harakat chuqurlikka tushmoq, ichkariga ya’ni tubga
harakat qilmoq ma’nosini ifodalab kelgan.
16. se ongann
flogettan & fiþercian
ymb his ansyne – That started to fly about and
flutter around his face. Mazkur misolda
“flogettan & fiþercian”
fe’llari ishlatilgan. Ushbu
fe’llar havoda harakatlanish ma’nosini ifodalab kelgan. Mazkur fe’l o‘z atrofida aylanish
harakat ma’nosini anglatgan.
17. ða
flugon
into heora muðe and heora næsðyrlum – That flew into their mouths
and their nostrils. Yuqorida keltirilgan misolda qadimgi
“flugon”
fe’li havoda harakatlanish
ma’nosida ifodalanib, ichkariga uchib kirish ma’nosida ishlatilgan.
18. ond heo
fleat
ofer þæt wæter to lande – And she floated over the water to land.
Mazkur misolda “
fleat”
fe’li suvda harakatlanish ma’nosida ishlatilgan. Suv yuzasida sekin
harakat ma’nosini ifodalagan.
19. witodlice an blac þrostle.
Flicorode
ymbe his neb – Truly, a black throstle
fluttered around his face. 19 misolda keltirilgan
“flicorode”
fe’li bir nuqtada uchib yurmoq
ma’nosida ishlatilgan. Ya’ni havoda sekin uchmoq ma’nosida ifodalangan.
20. se ongann
flogettan & fiþercian
ymb his ansyne(Wulf, 2006: 111) – It started
to fly and flutter around his face. Yuqorida keltirilgan misolda ikkita harakat fe’li
ishlatilgan. Ya’ni o‘z atrofida “aylanib uchmoq” misolida keltirilgan. Havoda bo‘lgan
harakat ma’nosi ifodalangan.
Yuqoridan pastga harakat ma’nolarni ifodalovchi fe’llarga keltirilgan misollar.
21. and swa fæger
dropa
þe on þas eorðan upon dreopað – And like the sweet drops
that drop onto the earth. Ushbu misolda yuqoridan pastga bo‘lgan harakat ifodalangan.
Ya’ni qadimgi ingliz tilida ishlatilgan “
dropa”
fe’li yuqoridan pastga tomchilab tushadigan
harakat ma’nosida ishlatilgan.
22. heofonas
drupodon
fram ansyne Godes (Wulf, 2006: 125)- The heavens fell at
the presence of God. Mazkur misolda
“drupodon”
fe’li pastdan yuqoriga qarab
harakatlanayotgan harakat fe’li sifatida e’tirof etilgan.
23. þæt se wites bona in hellegrund hean
gedreose
– That the destroyer of the mind
should fall low to the ground of hell. 23-misolda
“gedreose”
fe’li harakat fe’li sifatida
ishlatilgan. Bunda harakat pastdan yuqoriga qarab sodir etilgan.
Pastdan yuqoriga qarab harakat ma’nolarini ifodalovchi fe’llar:
24. gif blod of nosum flowe, genim rutam, do
gelomlice
on þa næsðyrlu – If blood
flows out of the nose, take rutam, apply it repeatedly to the nostrils. Mazkur misolda
qadimgi ingliz tilida ishlatilgan
“gelomlice”
fe’li oqmoq ma’nosini ifodalab kelgan. Ya’ni
pastdan yuqoriga qarab sekin harakat ma’nosini anglatgan.
25. þonne glad þæt deofol ut mid his
leasunge
– Then the devil with his
deceitfulness glided out. Ushbu misolda shaytonning pastdan yuqoriga qarab sirg‘alib
kutarilishi nazarda tutilgan.
Sakrash ma’nosini ifodalovchi fe’llarga keltirilgan misollar.
26. Her Rodbert þæs cynges sunu
hleop
fram his fæder – Here Rodbert, the king’s
son, ran away from his father. Mazkur misolda pastdan yuqoriga qarab tezlik bilan
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
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417
harakatlanish ma’nosi keltirilgan. Qadimgi ingliz tilida ishlatilgan
“hleop”
fe’li to‘satdan
sakramoq ma’nosini ifodalab kelgan.
27. þæt he up astode and ongunne
hleapettan
– That he stood up and started to
jump about. Ushbu misolda “
hleapettan”
qadimgi ingliz tilida pasdan yuqoriga qarab
sakrash ma’nosida ishlatilgan.
28. Se hrefn mid openum muðe and mid aþenedum fiðerum ongann yrnan
hoppetende
ymbutan þone half – The raven with open mouth and with stretched wings
started to run jumping around the loaf. Mazkur misolda
“hoppetende”
fe’li ishlatilgan. Unga
ko‘ra biron bir narsa predmetning atrofida aylanma sakrash harakati sodir bo‘layotgani
aks ettirilgan.
29. and
hoppode
ongean his Drihten – And leaped towards his Lord. Mazkur
misolda pastdan yuqoriga qarab tezlik bilan harakatlanish ifodalanib kelgan.
30. þa wundrede he him swa swiðe þæt he eall
wiðerhypte
– He was so greatly
bemused that he jumped about. 30 misolda keltirilgan “
wiðerhypte”
fe’li hayratdan
sakramoq ma’nosini ifodalab kelgan. Mazkur misolda tezlik bilan harakatlanish ko‘rsatib
berilgan.
Aylanma harakatni ifodalovchi fe’llarga keltirilgan misollar:
31. Halige englas ðærabutan
hwearfiaþ
– Holy angels hover round about the place.
Yuqorida keltirilgan misolda “
hwearfiaþ”
fe’li berilgan. Ushbu fe’l qadimgi ingliz tilida
aylanma harakat ma’nosini ifodalagan. Biron bir narsa yoki predmet yoki shaxs atrofida
sekin aylanib harakatlanish ifodasini anglatgan.
32. Ða eagan ðe nu þurh unalyfedlice gewilnunga
hwearftliaþ
– The eyes that now
rove through unallowed desires. Mazkur misolda “
hwearftliaþ”
fe’li ishlatilgan. Ushbu fe’l
qadimgi ingliz tilida aylanmoq ma’nosini ifodalagan. Ya’ni biron bir shaxsning emas
aksincha, narsa buyumning harakati ifodalangan. Aniqroq qilib aytadigan bo‘lsak, mazkur
misolda ko‘zlarning aylanma harakaati ifodalangan.
33. Oþ ðæt ðu eft
hwyrfest
to him – Until you return back to him. Ushbu misolda
“
hwyrfest”
fe’li ishlatilgan. Uzoqlardan aylanib qaytish ma’nosidagi harakatni ifodalagan.
34. Ða arleasan
turniaþ on
ymbhwyrfte – The wicked turn in a circle. 34 misolda
“
turniaþ” on
fe’li ishlatilgan. Mazkur fe’l aylana shakl ustidan aylanma harakat orqali
harakatlanish ma’nosini ifodalagan.
35. Seo heofon
tyrnþ onbutan
us swifter ðonne ænig mylenhweol – The heaven
turns around us faster than any mill wheel. Mazkur misolda biron bir narsa yoki
buyumning atrofida aylanma harakatni ifodalab kelgan.
Yugurish harakat ma’nosini ifodalovchi fe’llarga keltirilgan misollar.
36. sume hit ne
gedygdan
mid þam life – Some did not escape it with their lives.
Keltirilgan misolda
“gedygdan”
fe’li yugurish harakat ma’nosini ifodalab kelgan.
37. sume
flugon
ut of lande – Some fled out of the land. Mazkur misolda biron bir
joydan boshqa bir joyga harakatlanish ma’nosi keltirilgan.
38. Ða sceoc he on niht fram ðære
fyrde
him sylfum to myclum bysmore – Then he
fled at night from the army, to his great disgrace. Ushbu misolda tezlik ma’nosini
ifodalovchi harakat ma’nosini
“fyrde”
fe’li anglatib kelgan.
Yuqorida keltirilgan fe’llarda tezlik bilan harakatlanish ma’nolaridan tashqari,
boshqa ma’nolarni ifodalovchi fe’llarga keltirilgan misollar.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Special Issue – 5 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
418
39.
clumben upp
to þe halge rode – climbed up to the holy cross. Mazkur misolda
“
clumben upp”
fe’li tirmashib chiqmoq ma’nosini ifodalagan. Bunda harakatning sekin
bajarilayotganiga guvoh bo‘lishimiz mumkin.
40. þonne heah
geþring on
cleofu crydeþ – When the towering mass presses on the
cliffs. Keltirilgan misolda
“geþring on”
ishlatilib, bunda harakatning o‘rtacha tezlikda
bajarilayotganini kuzatishimiz mumkin.
41. and hi
naman
þa hors, þe hi þyder brohton, and wæron
ða hridende
, ðe ær
wæron
feðende
– They took the horse that they had brought thither, and then those who
before had been walking were riding. Mazkur keltirilgan misolda 3 xil harakat ma’nosini
ifodalovchi fe’llar keltirilgan. Birinchisi
“naman”
ushbu fe’l, keltirilgan misolda “olmoq, olib
kelmoq” ma’nolarini ifodalab kelgan. Ikkinchi fe’l
“ða hridende”
fe’li bo‘lib bu fe’l gapda
“sotib olmoq” ma’nolarini ifodalagan. Uchinchi fe’l bu
“feðende”
fe’li bo‘lib mazkur fe’l
“minmoq” ma’nosini ifodalagan. Aynan nimanidir sekin harakat orqali minib yurmoq
ma’nosini bergan.
Qadimgi ingliz tilida ikkinchi turkumga kiritilgan qadimgi ingliz tili yo‘nalish harakat
ma’nolarini ifodalovchi fe’llarga quyidagi misollar keltirilgan. Yo‘nalish harakatini
ifodalovchi fe’llar:
41. hwæt, seo clæne beo forwel oft wide and side fægere blosman gegret swa lange
þæt hyre þa ruwan þeoh wurðað swyðe
gehefegode
– Oh, the pure bee very often
approaches the fair blossom from far and wide, so long that her hairy thighs become very
burdened. Mazkur misolda
“gehefegode”
fe’li ishlatilgan. Ushbu fe’l tezlik bilan ma’lum bir
yo‘nalish tomon harakatlanishni ifodalagan.
42. Conon
gelande
to Ahtene – Conon came to Athens. 42 misolda
“gelande”
fe’li
ishlatilgan.
“Gelande”
fe’li gapda bironbir maskandan boshqa bir maskanga yo‘nalmoq
ma’nolarini ifodalgan.
43. Ne
genealæcþ
to þe yfel swipu & ne
genealæcþ
ne
geneahaþ
þinum
getelde
–
Evil affliction will not draw near to you and will not draw near to or approach your tent.
Mazkur keltirilgan misolda ikkita harakat fe’li keltirilgan.
“Genealæcþ”
fe’li yaqinlashmoq,
kelmoq ma’nosini ifodalab kelgan. Mazkur misolda
“genealæcþ”
fe’li insonlar tomonga
yo‘naltirilgan harakat ma’nosini ifodalab kelgan. Ushbu gapda ishlatilgan ikkinchi fe’l bu
“
geneahaþ”
fe’li bo‘lib gapda ushbu fe’l yaqinlashmoq ma’nolarini ifodalagan.
Ichkarida bo‘ladigan harakatlarni ifodalovchi fe’llar uchun keltirilgan misollar.
44. he
werodaþ
syððan he innaþ – He grows sweet after he has entered. Mazkur
misolda
“werodaþ”
fe’li keltirilgan. Ushbu fe’l katta bo‘lmoq, o‘smoq ma’nolarini anglatgan.
Gapda sekin sodir bo‘ladigan harakatni ifodalagan.
45. Se eorl on Wiht
scipode
and into Normandig for – The earl took ship on Wight
and went to Normandy. Ushbu gapda
“scipode”
fe’li ishlatilgan. U ichkariga harakat
ma’nosini bergan.
Uzoqda bo‘ladigan harakatlarni ifodalovchi fe’llar uchun quyida keltirilgan misollar.
46.
fearrade
from hia se angel – The angel went away from her. Mazkur misolda
“fearrade”
fe’li keltirilgan. Biron bir joydan uzoqlashish ma’nosini ifodalagan.
47. God na
feorsa
fram me – God, do not go away from me. Keltirilgan misolda
“feorsa”
fe’li isshlatilgan. Mazkur fe’l tark etmoq ma’nosida kelgan. Ya’ni tark etib,
uzoqlarga ketmoq harakat ma’nosini ifoda etgan.
48. þæt hie sceoldon Romeburg
forlætan
– That they should leave Rome.
“Forlætan”
fe’li tark etmoq, ketmoq ma’nolarini bildirgan. Tark etib, qaytmaslik harakat ma’nosini
anglatgan.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
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Yuqoridan pastga qarab bo‘ladigan harakat ma’nolarini ifodalovchi fe’llariga
keltirilgan misollar.
49. Ða he to helle
hnigan
sceolde – When he must sink to hell. Keltirilgan misolda
“hnigan”
fe’li qadimgi ingliz tilida cho‘kmoq ma’nosini ifodalagan. Ya’ni yuqoridan pastga
bo‘ladigan harakat ko‘rsatib berilgan.
50. He
lyhte
of his horse – He alighted from his horse. Mazkur misolda
“lyhte”
fe’li
ishlatilgan. Ushbu fe’l otdan tushmoq ma’nosini anglatgan. Bunda harakat yuqoridan
pastga qarab bo‘layotgan harakatni anglatgan.
Qadimgi ingliz tilida uchinchi turkumni tashkil etadigan neytral harakat ma’nolarini
ifodalovchi fe’llarga keltirilgan misollar.
51. hy on
holt
bugon,
ealdre
Burgan – They fled into the woods, to save [their] lives.
Keltirilgan misolda
“holt”
fe’li ya’ni kirmoq, ichkariga kirmoq ma’nosini anglatgan. Hamda
“ealdre”
fe’li qutqarib qolmoq va saqlamoq ma’nolarini ifodalagan. Bunda harakat aniq
ifodalanmagan.
“Ealdre”
fe’li ya’ni qutqarib qolmoq harakat ma’nosi bu tushuncha shaklida
ishlatilgan. Ya’ni bu neytral fe’l harakatning aniq nuqtasini ko‘rsatmagan.
52. se cyng Willelm cearde
ongean
to Normandige – The king William turned back
again to Normandy. 52 misolda keltirilgan qadimgi ingliz tilida ishlatilgan
“ongean”
fe’li
qaytmoq ma’nosini ifodalagan. Bunda aniq bir harakat ma’nosi yo‘q. Qanday tarzda
harakatlanib qaytgani amiq ifodalanmagan.
53. þæt he from Iudea
londe com
to Galileam – That he came from Judea to Galilee.
Mazkur misolda ham
“londe com”
fe’li neytral ma’noga ega ekanligi ushbu misolda o‘z
aksini topgan.
54. ongon þa leofne sið
dragan
domeadig dryhtnes cempa to þam onwillan eorðan
dæle – Then the glorious one, the Lord’s champion, began to go a pleasant journey to this
desired part of the earth. Ushbu misolda otlanmoq ya’ni
“dragan”
keltirilgan.
Ushbu fe’l
gapda neytral ma’noni ifodalab kelgan. Ya’ni harakat turi noma’lum.
To‘rtinchi katta turkumni o‘z ichiga oladigan boshlang‘ich ma’nosi harakatni
ifodalamaydigan fe’llar: berstan, brecan, (ge)dōn, facian, kabi fe’llariga keltirilgan misollar.
55. þam earmum mannum, þe fram þam herge
burston
– To the poor men who had
broken away from the army. Berilgan misolda
“burston”
fe’li ishlatilgan. Chetlashtirmoq
ma’nosini anglatgan. Harakatning boshlang‘ich nuqtasi harakatni ifodalamagan.
56. [Hannibal] com to Alpis þam muntum & þær eac ofer abræc, þeh him mon
oftrædlice mid
gefeohtum
wiðstode – Hannibal came to the Alps and forced a way [lit.
‘broke’] over there, although people often resisted him with fights. Mazkur misolda
“gefeohtum”
fe’li vayron qilmoq ma’sini bildirgan. Fe’lning boshlang‘ich nuqtasi harakatni
ifodalmagan.
57. foron þa up be Temese oþþæt hie
gedydon
æt Sæferne, þa up be Sæferne – Then
they went up by the Thames, until they arrived at Severn, then up by Severn. Mazkur
misolda keltirilgan
“gedydon”
fe’li ko‘tarilmoq ma’nosini anglatgan. Harakatning qanday
bajarilishi ko‘rsatilmagan. Shuning uchun boshlang‘ich harakat mavjud emas.
58. oð hit
facað
on þæm ifihtan æsce – Until it [the estate boundary] gets to the ivy-
covered ash tree. Ushbu misolda ham boshlang‘ich harakat ma’nosi aniq bo‘lmagan fe’l
ishlatilgan. Qadimgi ingliz tilida ishlatilgan
“facað”
fe’li yetib bormoq ma’nosini bergan.
Haraktning qanday amalga oshirilganligi aniq bo‘lamganligi ko‘rsatilgan.
XULOSA QISMI
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Special Issue – 5 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
420
Yuqorida keltirilgan misollarga tayanib, shunday xulosaga kelindiki qadimgi ingliz
tilida ishlatilgan yo‘nlish harakat fe’llari o‘zlashtirilgan fe’llar bo‘lib ularning ko‘pchiligi sof
yo‘nalish harakat fe’llari emasligi aniqlandi. Qadimgi ingliz tilida ishlatilgan “feorrian,
fyrsian/feorsian, wīcan, forlǣtan” yo‘nalish harakat fe’llari qo‘shimcha ma’nolarga ega
bo‘lgan. Demak qadimgi ingliz tili “feor” bilan shakllangan fe’llar “far” ya’ni “uzoq”
ma’nosini ifodalagan. Qadimki ingliz tilida ishlatilgan “wīcan” fe’li “kuch” ma’nosida ham
ishlatilgan. Bunda ushbu fe’l shaklning harakatiga ta’sir etgan ya’ni harakatni kuchaytirgan
yoki susaytirgan. Qadimgi ingliz tili “forlǣtan” fe’li ko‘proq makonga ta’sir etgan bunda
semantik hodisa ro‘y bergan. Ko‘rinib turibdiki hech bir yo‘nalish harakat fe’llari sof
harakat fe’llari sifatida ishlatilmagan.
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