INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 02,2025
Journal:
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ALLOIMMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIA AFTER BLOOD TRANSFUSION:
PATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES
Ergasheva Hilola Erkinovna
Student of the 3rd year of 344 group of medical faculty
Parahatova Aidana Ruslanovna
Student of the 3rd year of 344 group of medical faculty
Uzokova Oyzhamol Narzullaevna
Scientific supervisor: Assistant of Hematology Department
Abstract:
Alloimmune thrombocytopenia, which occurs after blood transfusion, is one of the few
diseases encountered in modern medicine and remains an important problem requiring attention
to patients in need of blood transfusions.
Keywords
:platelets, alloimmune thrombocytopenia, thrombocytopenia after blood transfusion,
antigens.
Introduction
. In the modern twenty-first century, people are not often transfused blood
without proper examination and tests. But still there are cases when it is necessary to perform
emergency blood transfusion without tests for individual compatibility of blood of donor and
recipient. In case of huge blood loss, blood disease, labor complications, severe anemia for any
reason, blood transfusions can be performed. It is the hemolytic reaction that poses a threat,
when incompatible blood components are transfused, in the presence of sufficient existing
alloantibodies in the recipient's blood. Some studies have shown that transfusion of incompatible
blood is not dangerous. According to world statistics, this pathology is diagnosed in 1-2% of
patients. Overall, the incidence of ATTP after blood transfusion is about 1 case per 20,000
transfusions (0.005% of cases) in countries with developed medical systems. In the United States,
there are between 300 and 500 new cases of transfusion-related alloimmune thrombocytopenia
each year (according to a study published in the journal o "Transtfusion" in 2018). In Europe, the
rate ranges from 0.003% to 0.007% for every 1000 transfusions performed.
The aim of this review is to study and familiarize ourselves with the pathogenesis,
diagnosis and clinical features of alloimmune thrombocytopenia in patients after blood
transfusion.
Basic information.
Alloimmune thrombocytopenia, which occurs after transfusion of
platelet mass, is a rare but dangerous complication in which the patient's immune system
produces antibodies against antigens present on donor platelets. The cause of the disease is often
thought to be antigens formed by the same species in the div. Which then prompts an immune
response not produced by it. These alloantigens can be platelet, erythrocyte and leukocyte
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 02,2025
Journal:
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page 1344
antigens. In contrast to autoimmune thrombocytopenia, this form of the disease develops due to
the formation of antibodies directed against specific antigens on the platelet surface (e.g., HPA-
1a), which leads to their destruction and a decrease in the level of platelets in the blood. As we
know the number of platelets in the norm is 150-300x109 / l, depending on sex can vary. If this
number is reduced to 50x109/l, hemorrhagic syndrome may occur. With life-threatening
bleeding, the platelet count falls below 20x109/L, which requires immediate hospitalization of
the patient. Alloimmune thrombocytopenia is most often caused by transfusion of incompatible
platelet mass.
The pathogenesis of the disease involves the recipient's immune response to unfamiliar donor
platelet antigens. This process leads to a decrease in the number of platelets in the patient's div,
which significantly slows down the restoration of normal levels of cells in the blood. Human
platelet antigens (HPA) such as HPA-1a, HPA-5b, and others are the most common consequence
of the disease.
Diagnosis of alloimmune thrombocytopenia involves several aspects:
- medical history is necessary, especially if the patient has had previous negative reactions to
donated blood;
- clinical symptoms: spot hemorrhages and bleeding;
- laboratory tests: general blood count, serologic tests, HPA (determination of antibodies to
platelet antigens) and others.
Clinical manifestations of the disease may vary from mild thrombocytopenia, subcutaneous
hemorrhages, nosebleeds, menorrhagia to severe bleeding, threatening the life of the patient.
Also, the patient easily bruises even with minor herbs, and of course fatigue and weakness due to
anemia associated with bleeding. Rarely, enlargement of the liver and spleen may be observed.
Timely diagnosis and correct treatment (e.g., selection of donor platelets with minimal antigenic
mismatch) play a key role in successful treatment. In some cases, the use of immunosuppressors
or antibodies aimed at suppressing anti-platelet antidiv production may be necessary.
Conclusion
: Alloimmune thrombocytopenia after transfusions is an important clinical
condition that requires attention from both clinicians and researchers. In countries with
developed medical systems, efforts are being made to reduce the incidence of these
complications, including through the use of donor and recipient platelet typing techniques.
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ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
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Journal:
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