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03
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A
BSTRACT
Linguistics Has Recently Received Significant Attention For Its Investigation Of Motivational Speech Acts
And Their Pragmatic And Semantic Attributes. However, There Is Still A Lack Of Comprehensive Research
On The Characteristics And Modes Of Expression For Each Speech Act, Making This Study Highly Relevant.
The Significance Of Pragmatics In World Linguistics Is Becoming Increasingly Apparent In Identifying The
Inseparable Link Between Form And Content And Systematically Addressing Contentious Issues.
Therefore, There Is A Pressing Need To Effectively Apply Pragmatics In Exploring Priority Areas Such As
The Pragmatics.
K
EYWORDS
Linguistics, motivational speech acts, pragmatic and semantic attributes, comprehensive research,
characteristics, modes of expression, form and content, contentious issues, apply pragmatics, exploring
priority areas, linguistic discipline, native speakers, express intentions, understand intentions, context and
situation, relationship between signs and people, communication, interaction, impact, Charles Sanders
Peirce, Charles Morris, John Austin, change understanding of language and its functioning.
I
NTRODUCTION
The field of linguistics has recently focused
on motivational speech acts and their pragmatic
and semantic attributes, highlighting the need for
comprehensive research on the characteristics
Journal
Website:
http://sciencebring.co
m/index.php/ijasr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Research Article
PRAGMATICS AND SEMANTICS AS SPECIAL AREAS OF
LINGUISTICS
Submission Date:
November 08, 2023,
Accepted Date:
November 13, 2023,
Published Date:
November 18, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-03-11-27
Eshdavlatova Adiba Zafar Qizi
The Teacher Of Samarkand State Institute Of Foreign Languages, Uzbekistan
Azamatova Sevinchbonu Boxodir Qizi
The 4rd Course Student Of Samarkand State Institute Of Foreign Languages, Uzbekistan
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and modes of expression for each speech act. The
significance of pragmatics in linguistics is
increasingly evident in identifying the link
between form and content and addressing
contentious issues. Therefore, there is a pressing
need to effectively apply pragmatics in exploring
priority areas such as the pragmatics. Pragmatics,
as a linguistic discipline, studies how language is
used by native speakers to express their
intentions and understand the intentions of
others based on context and situation. It is a
science that studies the relationship between
signs and the people who use them for
communication, focusing on interaction and
impact as the main features of communication.
Pragmatics has its roots in the work of Charles
Sanders Peirce and was further developed by
Charles Morris and John Austin, who believed that
it could change our understanding of language
and its functioning. The understanding of
pragmatics is based on the definition taken from
the linguistic encyclopedia: "Pragmatics is a field
of research in semiotics and linguistics, in which
the functioning of language signs in speech is
studied. [LES 1990: 389]
Linguistic pragmatics (pragmalinguistics) is a
field of linguistics that studies the functioning of
language signs in speech. The theoretical
foundations of linguistic pragmatics were laid by
the 60s of the XX century by the works of
linguists-philosophers of the Oxford school (b.
Russell, J. Austin, H. Grice, J. Searle). [Linguistic
Pragmatics 1985: 419]. The goal of linguistic
pragmatics is "the study of language in the
context" - social, situational, etc., i.e., the study of
language as a means of communication. Linguistic
pragmatics inherited its original concept from
classical rhetoric, which makes it difficult to
separate pragmatics and non-rhetoric in their
various manifestations from each other.
[Language activity 1984: 222].
Linguistic pragmatics focuses on the use of
language in communicative situations, examining
the relationship between the speaker, the
addressee, and the communication context. This
includes analyzing the explicit and hidden goals of
speech acts, speech behavior and tactics, rules of
conversation, the speaker's attitude and tone, and
the impact of the statement on the addressee.
Additionally, pragmatics explores the forms of
speech communication, the social-etiquette side
of speech, and the relationship between
communication participants. By studying
language in terms of its use, pragmatics has
introduced a wealth of previously overlooked or
rejected facts into linguistic research. Pragmatics
has been influenced by scholars such as Charles
Sanders Peirce, Charles Morris, and John Austin,
who have changed our understanding of language
and its functioning. [Arutyunova, Paducheva
1985: 3-43].
The study of linguistic pragmatics is concerned
with analyzing how language is used in
communicative situations, taking into account the
relationship between the speaker, the addressee,
and the context. This includes examining the goals
of speech acts, speech behavior and tactics, rules
of conversation, the speaker's attitude and tone,
and the impact of the statement on the addressee.
Pragmatics also explores the social etiquette and
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relationship
between
communication
participants. By focusing on language use,
pragmatics has introduced previously overlooked
or rejected facts into linguistic research. Scholars
such as Peirce, Morris, and Austin have influenced
our understanding of language and its
functioning. The pragmatic function of language is
seen as the main purpose of language in a civilized
society, and historically primary in primitive
societies. The pragmatic aspect of information
refers to its usefulness and suitability for solving
a problem, with subjective assessment reflecting
the viewpoint of the recipient. This aspect is
related to the practical use of information and its
correspondence to the system's activity.
[Lopatnikov 2003: 273].
The pragmatic aspect of information determines
whether the intended goal can be achieved
through its use, and this aspect can influence
consumer behavior. If the information is effective,
it can lead to desired changes in behavior,
indicating that the information has pragmatic
content. The concept of speech acts is central to
pragmatics, and it refers to purposeful
communicative actions performed according to
the rules of language behavior. Examples of
speech acts include 1) intent (intentionality) 2)
purposefulness 3) conventionality. There are a
large number of classes of speech acts
(representatives, directives (acts of inducement),
commissatives (acts of commitment), expressives
(acts expressing an emotional state), declaratives
(acts of establishment)). Speech acts involve both
the speaker and listener, who play specific social
roles or functions. The effectiveness of a speech
act depends on personal factors and the social
situation in which it is performed. There are
various classes of speech acts, including
representatives,
directives,
commissatives,
expressives, and declaratives, each with its own
unique characteristics.
L. L. Fedorova identifies four types of speech
effects:
1) social impacts. These include greetings,
goodbyes, introductions, thanks, apologies,
apologies, condolences, and commitments.;
2) expression of will. These include an order, a
question, or a wish;
3) clarification and information (message,
warning, confession);
4) evaluative and emotional speech effects. These
speech
influences
include
such
moral
assessments as censure, condemnation, praise,
and approval. [Fedorova 1991: 46-50].
The illocutionary force of a speech act is made up
of several components that are logically
connected. These include the mood, interrogative
words and particles, and intonation used to
express the illocutionary goal. When categorizing
speech acts, factors such as the speaker's
psychological state, the direction of the
relationship, and attitude towards the interests of
both the speaker and listener are considered. A
speech act is formed through various types of
sentences, syntactic structure, lexical content,
communicative context, and communication
situation. It is an action taken by the speaker
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towards the listener in a specific communication
situation with the aim of achieving a particular
goal. [Austin 1986: 22-129.]
Semantics is a crucial component of semiotics,
which
is
the
study
of
signification,
communication, and symbols. Semiotics is
divided into three branches: semantics,
syntactics, and pragmatics. Semantics focuses on
the relationship between signs and their
referents, while syntactics deals with the formal
structures of signs and symbols. Pragmatics
examines the effects of signs on people who use
them. Syntactics is concerned with the rules
governing the combination of words to form
sentences. Semantics, according to Charles
Morris, explores the relationship between signs
and their designates or denotata. Pragmatics, on
the other hand, investigates the psychological,
biological, and sociological phenomena that occur
in the functioning of signs. The term "semeiotics"
was first used in English by Henry Stubbes to
refer to the branch of medical science that
interprets signs.
Semiotics is a diverse field of study that lacks a
standardized institutionalization as an academic
discipline. It encompasses a variety of theoretical
perspectives and methodologies. According to
Umberto Eco, semiotics is concerned with
anything that can be interpreted as a sign, not just
those commonly referred to as such. Signs can
take many forms, including words, images,
sounds, gestures, and objects. While Saussure
viewed semiotics as a science that studies the role
of signs in social life, Charles Pierce saw it as a
formal doctrine of signs closely related to logic.
For Pierce, a sign is something that represents
something else to someone in some way. He
believed that every thought is a sign.
Semiotics is the study of signs, which can take
various forms, including words, images, sounds,
gestures, and objects. It is not limited to textual
analysis and can be applied to any mode of
communication. A text is a collection of signs
interpreted based on the conventions associated
with a genre and in a specific medium of
communication. Semiotics is not a standardized
academic discipline and encompasses different
theoretical perspectives and methodologies. It is
concerned with anything that can be interpreted
as a sign, not just those commonly referred to as
such. People often associate signs with visual cues
like road signs, but semiotics also includes words,
sounds, and div language.
Semiotics has been developed by various
philosophers, linguists, and theorists throughout
history. Charles Sanders Pierce and Charles
William Morris were early contributors to the
field, with Morris developing a behaviorist
approach. Other notable semiotic theorists
include Roland Barthes, Algirdas Greimas, Yuri
Lotman, Christian Metz, Umberto Eco, and Julia
Kristeva. Linguists such as Louis Hjelmslev and
Roman Jakobson have also worked within a
semiotic framework. Structuralism is an
analytical
method
employed
by
many
semioticians, which seeks to describe the overall
organization of sign systems as "languages."
Major structuralists include Saussure, Claude Levi
Strauss in anthropology, Jacques Lacan in
psychoanalysis, and Barthes and Greimas in the
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grammar of narrative. Structuralists aim to
uncover the "deep structures" underlying the
"surface features" of phenomena.
Semiotics is a field that has been developed by
various philosophers, linguists, and theorists over
time. It involves the study of sign systems and
their interpretation, including anything from
images, gestures, musical sounds, objects, and
more. Semiotics is not an independent academic
discipline but rather a range of studies in art,
literature, anthropology, and mass media. It
involves linguists, philosophers, psychologists,
sociologists, anthropologists, literary and media
theorists, psychoanalysts, and educationalists.
Semiotics has changed over time as semioticians
have sought to improve upon early approaches.
There are divergent traditions in semiotics
stemming
from
Saussure
and
Pierce.
Structuralism is an analytical method employed
by many semioticians that seeks to describe the
overall organization of sign systems as
"languages." There are two divergent traditions
in semiotics stemming respectively from
Saussure and Pierce. The work of Louis Hjelmslev,
Roland Barthes, Claude Levi Strauss, Julia
Kristeva, Christian Metz and Jean Baudrillard
follows in the ‘semiological’ tradition of Saussure
whilst that of Charles W Morris, Ivor A Richards,
Charles K Ogden and Thomas Sebeok is in the
‘semiotic’ tradi
tion of Pierce.
Semiotics is the study of sign systems and their
interpretation, which includes various forms of
communication such as images, gestures, objects,
and sounds. It is not an independent academic
discipline but rather a range of studies in different
fields such as art, literature, anthropology, and
mass media. Semiotics draws heavily on linguistic
concepts, partly due to the influence of Saussure,
who referred to language as the most important
system of signs. Language is considered the most
powerful communication system due to its
semantic universality, which allows it to convey
information about all aspects of past, present, and
future events. Semioticians refer to films,
television, and other media as "texts" and analyze
them using methods similar to those used in
linguistics. The issue of whether these media are
closer to reality or symbolic systems like writing
is debated among semioticians.
Semiotics is the study of sign systems and how
they are interpreted, encompassing various
forms of communication such as images, gestures,
objects, and sounds. It is not an independent field
but rather a collection of studies in different
areas. Semiotics heavily draws on linguistic
concepts, with language being considered the
most powerful communication system due to its
semantic universality. Semioticians analyze films,
television, and other media as "texts" using
methods similar to those used in linguistics.
There is debate among semioticians about
whether these media are closer to reality or
symbolic systems like writing.
Saussure made a famous distinction between
langue (language) and parole (speech), with
langue referring to the system of rules and
conventions that pre-exist individual users and
parole referring to its use in particular instances.
This distinction applies to semiotic systems in
general, with the focus being on code and
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message, structure and event, or system and
usage. Saussure prioritized studying the system
synchronically rather than diachronically,
focusing on the underlying structures and rules
rather than specific performances or practices.
Structuralist cultural theorists adopted this
approach, focusing on the functions of social and
cultural phenomena within semiotic systems.
Theorists differ over whether the system
precedes and determines usage or vice versa.
However, the prioritization of structure over
usage has been criticized for failing to account for
changes in structure.
Semantics emerged as a scientific discipline in
the late 19th century with Michel Breal's
publication of Essai de semantique in Paris in
1897. The term "semantics" was introduced into
scientific use in this work. Semasiology, which is
synonymous with semantics, was studied by
linguists in the 19th and 20th centuries. Both
terms are derived from Greek bases associated
with the idea of "to denote, to mean". Semantics is
a branch of semiotics that examines the
relationship between language expressions and
their meaning. This relationship involves
language expressions such as words, phrases,
sentences, and texts denoting objects, qualities,
actions,
ways
of
performing
actions,
relationships, situations, and their sequences in
the world.
Semantics is the same as semasiology. In
linguistics: meaning, meaning (of a language
unit). [Ozhegov 2011: 524]. Semantics is the
same as semasiology. Meaning (words, speech
turnover , etc.). [Ushakov 2005: 983]. Efremova T.
F. gives four definitions of semantics: 1) The
meaning of a language unit (morphemes, words,
phrases, etc.). 2) The section of linguistics that
studies the semantic side of the language. 3) A
section of semiotics that studies sign systems as a
means of expressing meaning. 4) The section of
logic that studies the relations of logical signs to
concepts [Efremova 2006: 87].
Semantics is the study of the meaning of
language expressions, such as words, phrases,
sentences, and texts, and their relationship to
objects,
qualities,
actions,
relationships,
situations, and their sequences in the world. It is
a branch of semiotics that examines how language
expressions denote and convey meaning.
Semantics emerged as a scientific discipline in the
late 19th century and is synonymous with
semasiology. The basic unit of semantics is the
category of meaning, which consists of three
elements: signifier, denotation, and signified.
These elements enter into regular, systemic
relations with each other, forming synonymy,
homonymy, paraphrasing (transformation), and
polysemy. These concepts form the basis of
consistency in semantics. [Zvegintsev 1957: 155]
Semantics is concerned with the meaning of
language expressions such as words, phrases,
sentences, and texts, and how they relate to
objects, actions, relationships, and situations in
the world. It is a branch of semiotics that studies
how language expressions convey meaning. The
basic unit of semantics is the category of meaning,
which consists of signifier, denotation, and
signified, and these elements form regular
relationships with each other. These concepts are
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important for maintaining consistency in
semantics. In addition, the universal features of
semantics are determined by the communicative
purpose of a sentence, which is common to all
languages and defines the relations between
subject and predicate.
Researcher Z.A.Erdanova explained about riddles
and provers are close related to pragmatic
linguistic “Thus, the semantic structure of
phraseology reflects the cultural traditions,
legends and folklore of the English people,
religious beliefs and historical events.In the
phraseological units andwords have very
similar, semantic and contradictory meanings in
terms of linguistic meaning and form.” [2021;51]
C
ONCLUSION
To summarize, semantics deals with the meaning
of language expressions and how they relate to
the world, while pragmatics focuses on the
communicative behavior of language units in
speech and the relationship between expression
and speaker. Both fields are important for
understanding language use and meaning. The
main concept of pragmatics is the speech act,
which can be direct or indirect, while the basic
unit of semantics is the category of meaning,
consisting of signifier, denotation, and signified.
The term "semantics" was coined by Michel Breal,
while J.R.R. Tolkien proposed a classification of
speech acts that influenced later research by
Russian and foreign linguists.
This study focuses on exploring semantics
and pragmatics in the English language, with a
particular emphasis on directive speech acts. The
research delves into the concepts of pragmatics,
pragmatic aspect, and semantics, and examines
various classifications of speech acts. The analysis
concentrates on the classification of directive
speech acts from a pragmatic perspective and
investigates the ways of expressing speech acts
such as prohibition, entreaties, and warnings as
different forms of directive speech acts. The study
proposes a comprehensive classification that
consolidates existing classifications and identifies
the characteristics of these speech acts in the
Vangli language.
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