Vol. 5 No. 03 (2025): Volume 05 Issue 03

This article highlights the people's uprising that took place in 1916 in the city of Khojayli under the severe oppression of the Khiva Khan and the difficult conditions of the people. The study is based on previously researched sources.

Frontier territories, which are regions at the edges of nation-states, have always played a significant role in geopolitics. These territories, often characterized by their contested nature and strategic importance, contribute to shaping national security policies, territorial disputes, and the balance of power between states. This paper explores the importance of frontier territories in modern geopolitics by examining their influence on strategic decision-making, national security concerns, and international relations. It highlights the complex interplay between these territories and state sovereignty, along with the challenges they present in the global political landscape.

The article examines the appointment and dismissal of wazirs in the Timurid Empire (1370–1507), emphasizing the rigorous selection process employed by Amir Timur (1336–1405) and his successors. The rulers prioritized noble lineage, intelligence, administrative skills, and military awareness in their choices, as documented in historical sources like “«Tuzukat-i timuri»” and “«Dastūr al-wuzarā»”.

One key observation is the frequent rotation of wazirs. This practice, noted by historians such as Khwandamir (1474–1535), was likely a mechanism to prevent officials from amassing excessive power and challenging royal authority. However, some officials managed to hold long-term positions due to their exceptional administrative capabilities, strategic importance, and noble ancestry.

The article categorizes the appointment of wazirs into three main patterns. The first category involves the continuous service of individuals from esteemed backgrounds, particularly from regions like Simnan, Khwāf, and Kerman. Persian language proficiency and an understanDīng of local governance were essential qualifications. Several prominent wazirs, such as Khwāja Imad al-Dīn Mas’ud Simnani and Khwāja Ghiyath al-Dīn Pir Ahmad Khwāfi, rose to power through this route.

The second category highlights the selection of highly talented individuals, irrespective of their noble lineage. Specialists in finance, administration, taxation, and military logistics were particularly valued. Figures such as Khwāja Na’im al-Dīn Ni’matullah Kuhistani and Khwāja Abu Iṣhaq gained prominence due to their expertise and problem-solving abilities.

The third category explores appointments facilitated by influential patrons. Some wazirs secured positions through connections with powerful amirs, poets, or court figures. While patronage played a role, personal merit and competency were also considered.

Overall, the article underscores the dynamic nature of Timurid governance, where meritocracy coexisted with aristocratic privilege, ensuring a balance of power within the imperial administration.

This article analyzes the grix patterns in Kamoliddin Bekhzod's miniatures and their role in decorative and symbolic aspects in the artist's works. The features of the use of grix patterns are considered on the example of illustrations for Nizami Ganjavi's "Khamsa" and Amir Khusrav Dehlavi's "Layli and Majnun". In particular, special attention is paid to the functional and aesthetic significance of these patterns in miniature compositions.

This article discusses the concept of interstate relations between Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan in Central Asia. From a historical point of view, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan are united by many traditions, such as the fact that the Uzbek and Kazakh peoples have lived in the same geographical space for thousands of years, a single religion, a similar language, culture, and common customs. From a political perspective, the similarities between the two countries' systems of governance based on democratic principles, as well as their multifaceted foreign policies, the creation of a good-neighborly environment in the region, and adherence to universally recognized principles of international law, have always encouraged the two brotherly countries to maintain friendly relations. The article discusses the political and economic reforms currently underway to create a free economic and secure zone in the territory of the Central Asian countries within the framework of cooperative relations between Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan.

The present article delves into the political processes concerning water in Central Asia, with a specific focus on Uzbekistan, spanning from ancient times to the contemporary era. The analysis is based on research findings from various scientific literature sources. The agricultural, livestock, and artisanal activities of the Central Asian population have historically been intertwined with water resources. Furthermore, the geopolitical theories of N. Spykman and H. Mackinder, such as the Heartland and Rimland models, have been meticulously examined. In the current global context, water-related issues are increasingly becoming a focal point for many nations, with predictions of potential political conflicts arising from water scarcity. Among the environmental challenges confronting the world today, water scarcity has emerged as a pressing concern. The next decade is anticipated to witness a pragmatic approach to water diplomacy in Central Asia, characterised by a foundation of close-neighbour diplomacy and mutual trust dialogues among the region's leaders. The relevance of scientific research offering clear analytical and prescriptive insights on these matters is underscored by their increasing significance in the present day.

In 1917-1991, important changes and events took place in the healthcare system of Uzbekistan, including the Fergana region. During this period, sanatoriums and medical institutions were important not only for local residents, but also for guests from other regions. Due to its beautiful nature and spa services, the Fergana region is characterized by many people as a place of health and wellness.

In the 16th - The article describes the development of national cultural centers operating in our country, their role in ensuring harmony between representatives of different nationalities living in the country. At the same time, it was analyzed based on the sources that national cultural centers are a factor of strengthening the processes of cooperation between Central Asian countries in various directions.

In the 16th - first half of the 19th century, one of the distinctive features of the state administration of the rulers of the Shaybanid, Ashtarkhanid, and Manghit dynasties was the structure of the divan, but its terms and full description have not been fully covered. This article attempts to highlight certain aspects of the divan system in the Bukhara Khanate based on historical sources and archival documents.

This paper explores the transition from defensive realism to constructivist policies in Uzbekistan’s approach toward Afghanistan, analysing the driving factors behind this shift and its implications for regional stability. By examining key historical moments, policy decisions, and emerging trends, it provides insight into how Uzbekistan’s foreign policy has adapted to meet the challenges and opportunities of the 21st century.