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ABSTRACT
The article analyzes some theoretical concepts of the political technologies of organizing coups aimed at changing the
political regime and activities of today's countries, as well as their implementation methods. Experiences of organizing
political changes in countries with a “democratic deficit” of hegemonic states aimed at establishing a democratic
order under the name of color revolutions and their consequences are studied. The content of the concepts of “deficit
of democracy”, “export of democracy”, “soft power”, “non-violent influence”, and “cover expression” were also
analyzed.
KEYWORDS
State, society, people, citizen, hegemony, political regime, power, “democracy deficit”, “democracy export”, “soft
power”, “non-violent” influence, “cover expression”.
INTRODUCTION
Modern color technologies are the organization of
coups detat in conditions of political instability and
controlled chaos, aimed at dismantling hacking
regimes. National crimes are like fighting against the
seizure of power, but they are of all cases of the spread
of color revolution cases, often underestimating their
sovereignty in the fight against terrorism and their
potential consequences. From the point of view of
scenario and technology, the events of “Euromaidan”
in Ukraine and “Arab Spring” in Arab countries are very
Research Article
COLOR REVOLUTIONS - A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF CONCEPTS
RELATED TO TECHNOLOGIES
Submission Date:
August 28, 2022,
Accepted Date:
September 05, 2022,
Published Date:
September 18, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijhps/Volume02Issue09-01
Uktam Yuldashev
Researcher, National University of Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijhps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
2
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
02
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09
Pages:
01-08
SJIF
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(2021:
5.
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(2022:
5.
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OCLC
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IF
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5.458
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
similar, and both events can be classified as color
revolutions. Because they develop according to the
same technological scheme characteristic of color
revolutions. There are signs of color revolutions in their
scripts, noted by a number of experts.
The organizers of the color revolutions, their military
and political allies, present the color revolutions as a
social protest of the people who are “tired of power”
and aspire to true democracy and democratic values.
At the same time, the nationwide and mass nature of
the protests is emphasized. At the same time, there is
a lot of direct evidence that color revolutions are a well-
organized and well-designed mechanism of violent
change of power, which is repeated in different
countries in the form of the same political template.
The geography of color revolutions (Central and
Eastern Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, Central
Asia, China) indicates that this problem, which is
inextricably linked with the stability of legitimate
political regimes, is moving into a global category.
Taking into account the wave of color revolutions
covering the post-Soviet space and the political
situation in the Middle East and North Africa, it is
urgent to develop not only a national, but also a
regional strategy to combat color revolutions. At the
same time, it is necessary to form an integrated
security system that includes international institutions
and a legal framework for the fight against color
revolutions at the regional level.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The theoretical and methodological basis of the
research includes problematic, comparative-historical,
comparative-political,
institutional,
sociological-
psychological and other general scientific approaches,
including comparative analysis, synthesis, deduction
methods, as well as a system of wide-ranging methods
of political science and the theory of international
relations. The methodology of the research is
determined by the scientific approach based on its
goals and objectives.
LITERATURE REWIEV
The topic of studying the theory and practice of
changing political regimes is controversial. The expert
community has different opinions about the causes of
the color revolutions. At the same time, when studying
the works of various authors, it is possible to
distinguish three main approaches to changing political
regimes in countries with unstable forms of
democracy. The first approach, led by the US, believes
that the countries of “Western” civilization need to
exercise control over territories and resources, as well
as state and political structures of states and regions,
in accordance with their geopolitical interests.
In this group, the American authors such as S.
Huntington, Z. Brzezinski, G. Kissinger, M. E. McFaul, J.
Nye, S. J. Sharp. In addition to the results of their
theoretical studies, most of them use the experience
accumulated during their years of work in the
Pentagon, the State Department, the White House, the
National Intelligence Council, the National Security
Council and high diplomatic posts. This confirms the
scientific-theoretical importance of the results of their
scientific research and their practical application. The
works of these authors ideologically justify the change
of political regimes that do not meet the geopolitical
interests of the United States.
The theoretical approach to color revolutions is
described by authors such as A. E. Gapich, S. G. Kara-
Murza, J. Kesa, J. Laughland, A. V. Manoilo, E. G.
Ponomareva, L. L. Fituniy, A. I. Fursov, U. Engdal. G.
Kara-Murza “Export of the revolution”. Yushchenko,
Saakashvili...” the phenomenon of color revolutions
Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
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International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
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2771-2222)
VOLUME
02
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Pages:
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(2021:
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OCLC
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Publisher:
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and their role in international politics at the end of the
20th century and the beginning of the 21st century is
studied in detail. According to these studies, by the end
of the 1980s, the creators of the technology to change
political regimes disguised the revolutionary process
and organized it “from below” or “from within”. In the
political practice of the United States and its allies, new
technology has been developed and tested in various
countries for purposeful destabilization and change of
power without direct violence (so-called “velvet
revolutions”) or with minimal use of violence.
Separately, the author notes the use of “orange”
technologies "in the republics closely related to the
Russian Federation (Georgia, Ukraine and Kyrgyzstan)
in the territory of the former USSR[1.3].
ANALYZES AND RESULTS
Color revolution is a form of practice representing the
technologies of organizing revolutions in countries
with a “democratic deficit” of some hegemonic states
aiming to establish a democratic order. As democracy
and various “models of open society” cannot be
exported at the current stage of development, the
universal project of state building cannot be imported
or imposed from outside, it is increasingly being
confirmed[2.266]. R. Shaykhutdinov writes about the
“golden revolution” in Kiev: “As the situation in
Ukraine shows, the mechanism of legitimization of
power, the legal state itself, strengthened in the
constitution that was forced into Ukraine in the early
1990s, turned out to be a trap”. The Western strategy
can be interpreted as a double-edged sword. The first
move: to put a new, traditional “democratic” toy in the
hands of the government - to hold elections, to teach
how to use it, to create a layer of political technologists
and political consultants, to turn it into a simple means
of changing or continuing power (depending on the
characteristics of the culture and mentality of the
people). The second step: to analyze the use of this
tool and to work on the electoral democratic
mechanism - to create a counter-scenario based on the
use of modern authorities: “biopowers” and “power of
interpretations”.
The First President of Uzbekistan, Islam Karimov, in his
answers to the questions of the reporter of
“Nezavisimaya Gazeta” of Russia, touched on the
“export” of democracy, including the events that took
place in Ukraine, and said: “... I do not think that the
scenario of Ukraine or Georgia can be repeated in
Uzbekistan” because , first of all, the people of
Uzbekistan realized the silence, humiliation, and
contempt for us as “second-class people” during the
USSR. The people of Uzbekistan “are people living
today with a deep sense of responsibility for their
country, for their country, for the fate of future
generations.” We cannot blindly accept the Western
way of life and morality. This is alien to our age-old
traditions.
Because
excessive
individualism,
selfishness, ostentatiousness, and self-interestedness
are completely incompatible with the nature of our
people.
The transition to Western-style democracy is seen as
part of foreign policy strategy and a matter of US
national security. At the same time, supporters of the
first approach are convinced that only the United
States (and its allies) can ensure world order and
stability. The essence of this concept is that “in a world
without US dominance, there will be more violence and
chaos, less democracy and economic growth than in a
world where the United States continues to influence
global issues more than any other country. The
continued international primacy of the United States is
critical to the well-being and security of Americans and
to the future of freedom, democracy, an open
economy, and international order on earth. In the last
Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
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VOLUME
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quarter of the 20th century and the beginning of the
21st century, Z. Brzezinski, an ideologue of US foreign
policy and national security adviser to the US
president, emphasizes that America is the “only
superpower”, the role of US power as an integral part
of global security, and the fact that there is no real
alternative to the victory of American hegemony.
Accordingly, America as a “guarantor” of the world
order, influencing the national policy of any country
within its legitimate geostrategic interests, was
considered the basis of this concept. According to Z.
Brzezinski, “Americas global hegemony has now
become a fact of life. “Nodiv, including America, has
a choice in this matter.” “Another acceptance of
American leadership is an indispensable condition of
chaos” [3.248]
Z. Brzezinski believes that “Americas global superiority
is directly dependent on how long and effectively its
superiority on the Eurasian continent will be
preserved.” He compares it to a chessboard where the
struggle for world domination continues[4.44]. And in
this struggle, the United States should rely on Europe
(Western and partly Eastern), because, first of all,
these countries are “the most important geopolitical
support of America on the European continent.”
Brzezinski calls the Eurasian instability zone an area
that includes Southeast Europe, Central Asia and part
of South Asia, the Persian Gulf, and the Middle East. In
his opinion, the role of the United States in maintaining
stability in this region is decisive. Most countries in the
Persian Gulf and the Middle East lack stability, but the
final arbiter in this region is American power. It should
be noted that most of the color revolutions took place
in these regions (with the exception of the color
revolutions in North African countries). At the same
time, “American power” means not only the ability to
exert external pressure on internal and external
political processes in the country, but also the ability to
unify the cultural, social and economic structure of
these model countries in accordance with Western
liberal-democratic principles.
Brzezinski considers the countries of the post-Soviet
space, Ukraine in particular, as one of the main
geostrategic directions for the spread of American
influence. Ukraines determination to maintain its
independence (after the collapse of the USSR.) was
supported from outside. It is also emphasized that “the
West should further strengthen relations with Kiev in
the sphere of economy and security and in 2005-2015.
It should start the initiative of gradual integration of
Ukraine into the European Union and NATO. The actual
fulfillment of these prophecies has been accelerated
by the current Ukraine-Russia conflict”.
J. Sharps work “From Dictatorship to Democracy:
Liberation Strategy and Practice” deserves special
attention in the study of coup d'état technologies.
Along with a number of his suggestions, he offers the
technology of implementing the geopolitical teachings
of Z. Brzezinski. The book provides “a brief analysis of
the ways in which peoples are oppressed and seek
freedom and lead to the collapse of a dictatorship”
[5.9]. It offers non-bloody ways and means of fighting
against power, with particular emphasis on non-violent
methods and technologies for political regime change.
He relied on the population and public structures to
resist the regime without mass violence, stressing that
“nonviolent struggle can be stronger than expected.”
According to J. Sharp, this is the only way to be
effectively used by the “oppressed population”
against the “dictatorship”.
American J.S. Nyes concept of “soft power” can also
be called the ideology of color revolutions. In the
implementation of color revolution scenarios, “soft
power” is the technology of expanding the sphere of
ideological influence through the penetration of the
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West by means of socio-cultural and spiritual models in
the everyday life of society [6.191]. This is another way
to implement the huge tasks set by Z. Brzezinski and
other American politicians. The main task of “soft
power” is to spread liberal-democratic culture in
Western style. In other words, J. Nyes concept
excludes direct military intervention and replaces it
with ideological expansion. In this sense, “soft power”
can be considered only as one of the tools of color
revolution technologies used to change political
regimes. At the same time, we cannot forget the issues
related to the use of the concept of “soft power”,
which has become an important factor of modern
international relations and a constructive method of
diplomacy.
The West plays a decisive role in carrying out color
revolutions. According to some experts, the situation
in Ukraine is equivalent to the situation in Syria.
“Besides, if the world capitalist elite had
disagreements on the Syrian issue, there was an
influential group that did not want the conflict in Syria
to escalate and turn it into a regional war”. At the same
time, they do not hide that the North Atlantic elites do
not need Ukraine economically, they need to
geopolitically separate Ukraine from Russia, turn it into
a springboard against Russia[7]. In our opinion, the
export of color revolution technologies primarily
threatens the territorial integrity and independence of
each nation-state.
According to the book “Oranjevaya mina” authored by
S.G. Kara-Murza and others, Certainly, countries with
weak independence are weak against “duhoba” and
“zargaldok” revolutions. These countries, for various
reasons, act on the basis of “what they say in
Washington”. On the contrary, clearly independent
countries do not care about such technologies. Lets
say there is no possibility of a “golden revolution” in
the USA, because there the police disperse the
participants of illegal rallies and marches, regardless of
the actions of their participants and the opinion of the
“world community”. If the state opposes “non-
violence”, the show ends by itself. Protesters are more
or less reverently subjected to violence for straying
from their designated space and time. As it can be seen
from these, the main task of the organizers of the
“Duhoba Revolution spectacle is to create a crowd
suitable for their tasks[8.240].
This means, firstly, to attract a sufficient number of
people to the action and to keep them in the necessary
places for the necessary time, and to train their minds
that the crowd will perform the appropriate actions
according to the specific scenario according to the
instructions of the directors. This is achieved through
unconscious mind control (manipulation) based on rich
experience in studying masses as a special type of
human community. In general, support for the “golden
revolution” is more common on the Internet in Ukraine
(UA). He was also supported by some provider
companies
and
telecommunication
business
representatives.
Communications
operators
“Silverkom” and “Vizor” have provided free channels
to access the Internet, including the opposition
“Ukrainian Pravda” and Maidan information analysis
sites. Foreign experts were also involved in the
preparation of support for the “golden revolution”
through Internet tools. We do not have complete
information on this matter, but the famous American
PR company “Rock Creek Creative” located on the
outskirts of Washington admitted that it helped the
Ukrainian opposition in the development of
information strategy, brand and policy for the “Golden
Revolution” website. “Golden Revolution” Internet
portal was hosted on several servers in unnamed
European countries, and all information support for
the portal was registered in the Czech Republic.
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Why are efforts to eliminate the threat on a global scale
not producing the expected results? In our opinion, this
score is determined by: First. The fact that a single
concept has not been created in the elimination of the
threat and that the approaches in this regard are not
mutually shared. Secondly. The role of socio-political
and ideological-ideological factors in the elimination of
the threat is not paid enough attention to society.
Thirdly. The fact that most countries of the world give
a high, one-sided assessment of their military power
and potential. Fourthly. The fact that the constructive
proposals of the young independent states to
eliminate the threat are being treated with disdain
[9.128].
S. Huntingtons “Clash of Civilizations?” When his article
was published in “Foreign Affairs” magazine, which he
founded in 1993, it caused a great stir. According to the
author, no article published since the 40s of the 20th
century has provoked so much thought, admiration or
protest. The scientist emphasizes that this is the reason
for turning the article into a book: “The purpose of this
book is to provide a more complete, deeper and
documented answer to the question posed in the
article. It is the concept of civilizations; the question of
universal civilization; the interaction between power
and culture; a shift in the balance of power between
civilizations; The cultural source of civilizations other
than the West; Conflicts over Western universalism,
Muslim militancy, and Chinas claims; Balance and
“adjustment” tactics as a response to the rise of
Chinese power; S. Huntington on the fault lines calls
the areas where the border of civilizations crossed the
fault lines) the cause and dynamics of wars; it is about
the future of Western and world civilizations” [10.7-8].
In his speech to the graduates of the US Naval
Academy on May 27, 2005, George W. Bush said,
"liberty is on the move around the world, and over the
past year and a half, we have seen the “Rose
Revolution” in Georgia, the “Jewel Revolution” in
Ukraine, the “Red Revolution” in Iraq, and the “Red
Revolution” in Lebanon. we witnessed the “cedar
revolution”. This is just the beginning [11], he said
proudly. After a certain period of time, it became clear
that as a result of such a malicious policy conducted for
eight years, foci of instability appeared in various parts
of the world, and Western countries are trying to move
their geographical and political battlegrounds from the
borders of the former socialist camp to the territory of
the post-Soviet republics. The four-year-old political
tension in Ukraine, as well as the de facto secession of
Kosovo from Serbia, South Ossetia and Abkhazia from
Georgia, show that these activities are being carried
out systematically[12.35].
Revolution and coup d'état seem to be mixed
together. It is known that when a revolution takes
place in a country, the state system changes in that
country. One cannot fully agree with the statements
that economic problems, unemployment and
corruption have caused color revolutions. In this
regard, it is more correct to say that the influence of
external forces, which put their own interests above all
else, is greater. It seems that there is life in the saying
that color revolutions are not a social phenomenon,
but a political order. Analysts unanimously say that
color revolutions are carried out with the help of
external forces. Elections are often used in this. Vote
counting is said to have been rigged, and the
opposition has taken its supporters to the streets[13].
The above groups of methods and technologies are
closely related to each other, and often one proven
technology is a prerequisite for the development of the
next (for example, the financing and ideological
“indoctrination” of soldiers of military units before the
use of military power technologies). “It should be
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noted that the technologies of coup d'état are
theoretically,
methodologically,
and
politically
technologically gradually approaching military theory,
military strategy and tactics” [14.7]. In this regard, it is
natural to describe the concepts of “soft power” and
“non-violent” influence as “covering expressions”
(only if we talk about them as tools of the color
revolution technologies), behind which emotional,
informational and powerful influence on the individual,
society and the state is hidden. is available. The
experience of the “color” coups in the past shows that
they are carried out according to the same scheme,
scenario or “democratic template” [15]. The change of
political regimes is based on universal technologies,
but uses different combinations of them.
CONCLUSION
The above concepts and the methods and
technologies used in their implementation are closely
related to each other, and often one technology is a
prerequisite for the development of the next. In this
regard, it is natural to describe the concepts of “soft
power” and “non-violent” influence as tools of the
color revolution technologies as a “covering
expression”, behind which there are psychological
operations hiding emotional, informational and strong
influence on the individual, society and the state. The
experience of the past “color coups” shows that they
are carried out according to the same scheme, scenario
or “democratic templat”. The change of political
regimes is based on universal technologies, but uses
different combinations of them.
Implementation of all technologies is important in the
implementation of color revolutions - it requires
technical,
financial
and
intellectual
support.
Implementation of highly professional operations on
manipulation of public consciousness, obstruction of
the work of state bodies, organization of large-scale
armed conflict with the authorities, as well as financing
of these processes are evidence of the work of highly
developed technologies and experienced political
technologists. For objective reasons, it was not
possible to create the conditions for the development
of such techniques and the emergence of highly
qualified specialists of this level in countries where
color revolutions were carried out. Therefore, it can be
concluded that the use and export of forced
democratization technologies is a characteristic
feature of the Euro-Atlantic foreign policy strategy.
The fact that repeated performances are staged on the
world stage under the common name of “color
revolution” encourages a person who is not indifferent
to his fate to draw certain conclusions. Riots in Georgia
were attractively named “revolution of roses”, riots in
Ukraine were painted in golden color, riots in
Kyrgyzstan were called “revolution of tulips”. In fact,
the technologies of overthrowing the government
without the use of force in various countries were
developed in the 80s of the 20th century and tested in
several countries of Eastern Europe. These processes
were called “velvet revolutions”, pointing out that
they will be carried out in a peaceful way.
Color revolutions are aimed not at democracy, but
under the guise of democracy, at the destruction of the
national image, at the loss of national pride and self-
awareness, at the strengthening of animalistic
passions, at the destruction of spiritual and spiritual
qualities, that is, humanity. In this, not only individual
people are injured, but entire nations are destroyed,
and our people become ready-made weapons,
“advanced” slaves for those who brought such an idea
and inculcated it.
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