Volume 03 Issue 04-2023
6
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
04
Pages:
06-13
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
This paper briefly discusses the history and significance of Latin language and focuses on its use in prescription writing.
Latin continues to be extensively used by physicians and pharmacists. It is a commonly understood language of
medical communication all around the world. It has maintained a balance in understanding the prescription and
dispensing medication for patients. Well-known and utilized in the history, despite being a dead language it holds a
notable and irreplaceable position in the field of medicine.
KEYWORDS
Latin, Prescription, Medical terminology, pharmacists, pharmacology.
INTRODUCTION
Latin language (Lingua Latina) is regarded as a dead
language; however, Latin has had a significant impact
on modern medicine especially pharmaceutical
sciences. Embracing Latin as a common language for
describing the anatomy of human div, medical
disorders and different processes has helped countless
researchers, physicians and pharmacists communicate
effectively. Celsus, the greatest Roman physician, is
Research Article
LATIN IN MEDICAL PRESCRIPTIONS
Submission Date:
April 01, 2023,
Accepted Date:
March 05, 2023,
Published Date:
April 08, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/Volume03Issue04-02
Fatima Khan
BSc. MT (CCT). MBBS. Bukhara State Medical Institute, Bukhara, Uzbekistan
Djalilova Zarnigor Obidovna
Scientific adviser, EPS teacher, English Language Department Bukhara State Medical Institute named after Abu
Ali ibn Sino, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijll
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 04-2023
7
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
04
Pages:
06-13
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
credited with inventing Latin medical terminology.
When he wrote De Medicina in the beginning of 1st
century AD, he encountered a situation where most of
the Greek terms didn’t have Latin equivalents because
of which he had to trade in Greek terminologies
directly into Latin language e.g. stomachus and
brachium (1). Numerous words were utilized to denote
medicine in Latin such as remedium, medicina,
medicamen, medicamentum, and all of them come
from the verb medicor, -ari, -
atus sum (meaning ’to
heal’). The word medicamen mainly surfaced in poetry,
in contrast, the word medicina was used both for the
study of healing and drugs (2). Abu Ibn Sina, generally
recognized by his Latin name Avicenna, regarded as
Prince of Physicians wrote the most influential book in
the history of medicine called “Al Qanun fi al Tib” or
“The Canon of Medicine”, it’s a medical encyclopedia
comprising of 5 books and the 5th volume providing
information about compound drugs. (3)(4)
In the 12th century Gerard of Cremona a medieval
scholar translated Qanun in Latin, Canon medicinae.
The Canon was published in 15 Latin editions and one
Hebrew edition, signifying the eminence of Latin
language (4). William Osler described the Canon as a
bible of medicine in his book The Evolution of Modern
Medicine (5). Up to the 19th century Latin and Greek
remained languages of medicine, in the following
century, national therapeutic dialects began to pick up
(6). Approximately, 90% of the English medical
terminology originates from Latin or Greek (7).
Without
fundamental
knowledge
of
Latin,
understanding medical jargon in English language can
be challenging.
Latin has been conventionally used in the sphere of
pharmaceutical
terminology.
The
European
Pharmacopoeia, released in Latin in 1996, standardized
Latin as lingua franca for prescribing medication (8). A
Prescription is a way of formal communication
between physician and pharmacist. Since it is
considered to be a lawful document, it may be utilized
as prima facie (a Latin expression meaning first
encounter or at first sight) evidence within the court of
law (9) (10). The art of prescription writing developed
in the ancient times and most of the complicated
prescriptions were written in Latin, notably, it’s being
greatly replaced by English (7). However, in order to
obviate inaccuracies in comprehending and dispensing
prescriptions, various Latin abbreviations and words
are still used universally so that prescriptions can be
readily understood by pharmacists as well as
physicians all around the globe.
Since the official names of the drugs and adjuvant
substances are registered in the Latin language, a
physician
must
build
up
a
comprehensive
pharmaceutical vocabulary, including grammatical
structure of the prescription-related Latin text in order
to prescribe pharmaceutical drugs.
Rx is the symbol usually seen on medical prescriptions.
This symbol originates from Latin word ‘recipe’
meaning ‘to take’. R along with x represents the eye of
Horus, a symbol that was once used by the ancient
Egyptians to denote healing. The symbol was also
considered as a prayer to planet Jupiter (11).
Prescription and pharmacy together are represented
by this symbol. There aren’t any generalized standards
for writing a prescription, however, traditionally a
prescription comprises of 2 main parts superscription
that begins with symbol Rx, followed by name and
strength of the drug and ends with signa meaning ‘to
write’ under which detailed information is written in lay
language e.g. how much of the drug is to be taken,
frequency, duration, route, instructions and warnings.
Volume 03 Issue 04-2023
8
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
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2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
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04
Pages:
06-13
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
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(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
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Servi
Standardization Latin and Greek elements of words,
permits naming of drugs which in turn allows the drug
to obtain details about the mechanisms of action and
chemical composition. Generally, pharmaceutical
drugs are known to be available in several categories,
and they are prescribed based on the diagnosis and
treatment criteria of a patient. Nearly, 2/3rd of all
prescriptions are dispensed as solid dosage forms.
Certain popular dosage forms used are tablets
(Tabella), Capsules (Capsŭlae), Powders (Pulvĕre
s) and
they account for 50% of prescriptions. Semi solid
dosage forms include ointment (Unguenta), liniment
(Linimenta), Pastes (Pastae), Gel (Gelum), Cream
(Cremor), Suppositories (suppositoria), rectum (rectal
suppository), vagina (vaginal suppository) or urethra
(urethral suppository). Substances for external
application such as Plaster (Emplastrum), Transdermal
patch (Emplastrum transdermale). Liquid dosage
forms comprise of, water (Aqua), ethyl alcohol
(Spirĭtus aethylĭcus), glycerine (Glycerinum), vas
eline
oil, (Oleum Vaselini), olive oil. As a matter of fact all the
dosage forms and abbreviations used in prescription
writing are derived from Latin language (12).
Latin abbreviations have enabled the transfer of the
majority of essential information using the minimum
linguistic words (13). Some common abbreviations
universally used (14);
Common abbreviations
Latin terms
Translation
aq
Aqua
Water
aa
Ana
of each
a.c.
ante cibium
before meals
a.d.
aurio dextra
right ear
b.i.d
bis in die
twice daily
bol.
Bolus
a large pill
cap., caps.
Capsula
Capsule
C
Cum
with
H.s
Hora somni
At bedtime
M.
Mane
In the morning
Volume 03 Issue 04-2023
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FACTOR
(2021:
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1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
N.
Nocte
In the night
P.r.n.
Pro re nata
occasionally
Q.d.
Quarter die
Four times a day
Rep.
repetat
Let him repeat
Stat
Statim
Immediately
S.O.S
Si opus sit
As required
Syr.
Syrup
Syrup
tab
Tabella
Tablet
T.i.d
ter in die
Three times a day
CONCLUSION
Latin has been the language of science, medicine and
pharmacology. Even though Latin is an unprogressive
language its continued usage in the medical field has
made it timeless. Latin continues to maintain its
position firmly in the modern medicinal world. Latin
terminologies are stable and tend to extend beyond
national boundaries. The impact created by Latin on
the development of English terminologies in the area
of medicine and pharmacology is well appreciated. It is
believed, physicians, clinical professionals, researchers
and pharmacists would seize to function without the
knowledge and understanding of Latin medical
terminologies. Prescription writing would become
next to impossible for physicians and would lead to
errors in dispensing medications.
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