International Journal Of Literature And Languages
110
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ijll
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue05 2025
PAGE NO.
110-114
10.37547/ijll/Volume05Issue05-30
Linguistic Database for Translating Auxiliary Verbs from
Uzbek into English
Qodirova Madinabonu Murodjon qizi
PhD Student, Tashkent State University of Uzbek Language and Literature, Uzbekistan
Received:
29 March 2025;
Accepted:
10 April 2025;
Published:
30 May 2025
Abstract: -
This article analyzes linguistic issues encountered in the translation of Uzbek auxiliary verbs into
English. In the Uzbek language, auxiliary verbs are used to express various grammatical meanings, including the
continuity or completion of an action, the manner of execution, and the speaker’s attitude. In English, these
meanings are conveyed through different grammatical constructions and independent verbs. Within the scope of
this study, approximately 29 auxiliary verbs were identified to express around 70 grammatical meanings. The
article examines their translation features and discusses the key methods for translating auxiliary verbs and the
challenges in constructing a linguistic database.
Keywords: -
Linguistic database, auxiliary verb, grammatical meaning, grammatical form, verb category, variation,
polysemy.
Introduction: -
In Uzbek, various grammatical forms are
used to express subtle semantic distinctions. These
include the speaker’s attitude (certainty or
uncertainty), clarity or doubt, the phase of an action
(beginning, continuation, or completion), the manner
of the action (speed, ease, partial or full execution),
repetition, and the intensity of the action. These
meanings can often be expressed through auxiliary
verbs.
However, the term "auxiliary verb" itself is problematic
in Uzbek linguistics. The language lacks fully
independent auxiliary verbs [Sayfullayeva et al., 2010:
186]. Certain verbs, when combined with participial
forms, partially or fully lose their lexical meaning and
express grammatical meanings such as mode of action,
phase, or the speaker’s attitude. In such cases, these
verbs are treated as auxiliary verbs [Mahmudov, 2010:
125]. Though relatively few in number, they play a
significant
role
in
clarifying
the
speaker’s
communicative intent and hold an important place in
the grammatical schemas of machine translation
systems.
This study identifies 29 verb forms functioning as
auxiliary verbs and analyzes their ability to express
approximately 70 grammatical meanings for inclusion
in a translation database.
METHODOLOGY
This research employs a descriptive and contrastive
linguistic approach to analyze the use and translation
of auxiliary verbs in Uzbek and their English
equivalents. The primary objective is to identify the
range of grammatical meanings conveyed by auxiliary
verbs in Uzbek and to determine their most
appropriate translations into English, with the goal of
informing the design of a linguistic database for
translation purposes.
Data Collection
The study draws on a corpus of authentic Uzbek texts
from literary works, journalistic sources, and spoken
discourse. Approximately 29 Uzbek auxiliary verbs
were identified based on their consistent use in
grammatical constructions that go beyond their core
lexical meanings. Each verb was examined in various
contexts to determine the range of meanings it can
convey, such as aspectual nuances (continuity,
completion), speaker attitude, intensity, and manner of
action.
Analytical Framework. The research follows a multi-
step analysis process:
1.
Semantic Classification: Each auxiliary verb was
analyzed to identify the specific grammatical or
aspectual meaning it contributes in different sentence
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International Journal Of Literature And Languages (ISSN: 2771-2834)
contexts.
2.
Contextual Interpretation: The sentences
containing auxiliary verbs were studied in full context
to determine whether the auxiliary meaning was
retained, altered, or absorbed during translation into
English.
3.
Translation Mapping: Equivalent English
expressions were categorized based on the means of
translation
—
whether
through
grammatical
constructions (e.g., the Present Continuous or Present
Perfect Tense), lexical substitutions (e.g., “keep,”
“start,” “scold”), or contextual rendering.
4.
Functional Comparison: Each Uzbek auxiliary
verb was compared with its English counterpart(s) to
determine direct correspondences, partial overlaps, or
semantic gaps.
Database Design Principles. Based on the semantic
classification and translation patterns, the linguistic
database was structured to include:
•
Auxiliary Verb Entry: The Uzbek verb, its core
meaning(s), and auxiliary usage.
•
Grammatical Function: Description of the
grammatical meaning(s) conveyed by the auxiliary
usage.
•
English Equivalent(s): The most frequent or
semantically accurate English renderings, categorized
by grammatical form or lexical item.
•
Translation
Notes:
Contextual
remarks
highlighting nuances, semantic loss, or gain during
translation.
•
Example Pairs: Uzbek-English sentence pairs
illustrating usage and translation.
Validation. Each translation mapping was evaluated
for:
•
Grammatical
adequacy
(whether
the
translated form correctly expresses the intended
grammatical meaning),
•
Semantic equivalence (whether the nuance or
aspect was preserved), and
•
Naturalness (whether the English translation
aligns with standard usage).
This methodology allows for a systematic and
replicable framework to analyze auxiliary verb behavior
and facilitates the creation of a structured linguistic
resource for computational or pedagogical use.
RESEARCH RESULTS
The verb bermoq (to give) in Uzbek expresses several
meanings beyond its literal sense, including direction of
the object away from the subject, intensification,
unobstructed action, and continuity [Hojiyev, 1986:
28]. When used in the sense of directing an object from
the subject toward another party, the verb retains its
core lexical meaning. For instance:
Bir shisha miltiq yog‘i topib be
ring.
Find and bring a bottle of gun oil.
This meaning is preserved in English translation, where
bermoq functions as an auxiliary verb but is rendered
with the independent verb “bring”.
However, in meanings such as intensification or
unobstructed action, the verb bermoq does not have a
direct equivalent in English:
Kampir yigitni urishib berdi.
The old woman scolded the young man.
Har qanday ovqatni yeya berar edi.
He would eat any kind of food.
In such contexts, bermoq adds a subtle layer of
meaning, which is absorbed into the main verb during
translation and thus not translated separately.
When expressing continuity, bermoq can often be
rendered using the English verb keep:
O‘ylay berib aqlim ha
m ishlamay qoldi.
I kept thinking so much that my mind stopped working.
The verb olmoq (to take) also serves auxiliary functions
in Uzbek, contributing a range of grammatical nuances:
1.
Direction of the object toward the subject:
U do‘stini yoniga chaqir
ib oldi.
He called his friend to him.
2.
Benefit of the action to the subject:
Sultonbek ham savodini chiqarib oldi.
Sultanbek also learned to read.
3.
Rapid or easy completion of an action:
Yangi do‘konni ham tuzatib oldik.
We also fixed the new store.
4.
Possibility or ability:
Men 6 ta tilda gaplasha olaman.
I can speak 6 languages.
In the first three cases, where the auxiliary verb olmoq
conveys grammatical meanings such as directionality or
benefit, it typically lacks a direct counterpart in English
and is not translated separately. In the fourth case,
however, possibility can be translated using can or to
be able to. This function can also be performed by the
Uzbek verb bilmoq (to know):
Men 6 ta tilda gaplasha bilaman / olaman.
I can speak 6 languages.
Although Uzbek lacks a distinct grammatical category
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International Journal Of Literature And Languages (ISSN: 2771-2834)
for continuous aspect, the semantic value of continuity
is actively expressed through verb constructions
involving auxiliary verbs. They are provided in Table 1.
Table 1. Auxiliary verbs expressing the meaning of continuity
Uzbek
Auxiliary
Uzbek Example
English
Equivalent
English Translation
bermoq
O‘ylay berib aqlim ham ishlamay
qoldi
keep
I kept thinking so much that my
mind stopped working.
bormoq
Zaynab kundan-kun begonalashib
borardi
be + V-ing
Zaynab was gradually becoming
more distant.
chiqmoq
Ota shu holda sovuq bilan olishib
chiqdi
–
The father struggled with the cold
in that state.
kelmoq
Qalbida saqlanib kelayotgan
orzulari armonga
aylanayotgandek edi
have been +
V-ing
The dreams he had been holding in
his heart seemed to be turning into
regrets.
ketmoq
U o‘yin-kulgiga berilib ketdi
–
He was obsessed with
entertainment.
o‘tirmoq
Uni kutib o‘tirmang
be + V-ing
Don't wait for him.
yotmoq
O‘g‘lim yangi o‘quv yiliga
tayyorlanib yotibdi
to be + V-ing
My son is getting ready for the new
school year.
yurmoq
Hozir yangi asar ustida o‘ylab
yuribman
to be + V-ing
I'm currently thinking about a new
piece.
turmoq
O‘g‘limning darslariga yordam
berib turing
–
Please help my son with his
studies.
qolmoq
U do‘stiga uzoq tikilib qoldi
–
He stared at his friend for a long
time.
bormoq
Kunlik o‘zgarishlarni qayd etib
borardi
keep
She kept track of daily changes.
These examples illustrate that while Uzbek auxiliary
verbs can express a wide range of semantic and
grammatical nuances, they often lack direct
equivalents in English. Instead, their meanings are
translated through complex verb phrases, tense/aspect
constructions, or contextual interpretation. This
divergence presents significant challenges in building
an accurate and functional linguistic database for
machine translation or linguistic analysis.
As can be seen from the table, such constructions in
Uzbek are translated into English in three main ways:
1.
By using the Continuous Tense;
2.
By means of the verb "keep";
3.
Without a specific grammatical structure, using
a semantically equivalent verb.
In the third case, the meaning conveyed by the Uzbek
auxiliary verb is expressed in English through the choice
of a verb that implies that same aspect or nuance. For
example, the verb stare in English not only denotes
"looking intently" but also conveys a sense of staying or
remaining, thereby indirectly translating the auxiliary
function of qolmoq. In some cases, where there is no
such equivalent verb, the grammatical meaning may
remain unexpressed in translation.
Auxiliary verbs indicating the completion of an action
(See table 2).
Table 2. Auxiliary verbs indicating the completion of an action
Auxiliary
Verb
Uzbek Sentence
English Translation
Means of
Translation
bo‘lmoq
U arig‘ini hammadan avval
qazib bo‘ldi
He has dug his irrigation ditch
before everyone else.
Perfect Tense
chiqmoq
Asarni bir necha marta o‘qib
chiqdim
I read the work several times.
Contextual
translation
olmoq
Yangi do‘konni ham tuzatib
oldik
We also fixed the new store.
Contextual
translation
yubormoq
Boshoq
issiqda
qovjirab, The ear of corn is scorched in the Lexical means
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International Journal Of Literature And Languages (ISSN: 2771-2834)
donini to‘kib yuboradi
heat and spills its grain.
o‘tmoq
Qancha voqealar bo‘lib o‘tdi How many events have happened.
Perfect Tense
yetmoq
...masala allaqachon pishib
yetgan
The issue is already ripe.
Perfect Tense
As seen above, the completed aspect of an action in
Uzbek may sometimes be translated into English using
the Perfect Tense, while in other cases it is conveyed
through contextual or lexical means.
Auxiliary verbs expressing intensity or quickness of an
action
Sometimes, auxiliary verbs in Uzbek emphasize the
intensity or speed of an action. In English, such nuances
are often conveyed through intonation, context, or
lexical choices (See Table 3).
Table 3. Auxiliary verbs in Uzbek emphasize the intensity or speed of an action
Auxiliary
Verb
Uzbek Sentence
English Translation
Note
bermoq
Kampir yigitni urishib
berdi
The old woman scolded the
young man.
Indicates intensity
ketmoq
...ko‘payib ketdi
Floods
have
increased
significantly.
Indicates a sharp rise
o‘tirmoq
...deb o‘tiribdi
He says there...
Indicates persistence
solmoq
Dardini to‘kib soldi
He poured out his pain.
The use of "out" adds
intensity
tashlamoq
Eshiklarni
ochib
tashla
Open the doors.
Commanding tone
yotmoq
Qor yog‘ib yotibdi
It is snowing.
Continuous Tense
yubormoq
...taltaytirib yuboribdi She pampered her son.
Contextual meaning
o‘lmoq
...charchab o‘ldik-ku
We’re exhausted.
Expressiveness through word
choice
Some Uzbek auxiliary verbs are translated using
independent verbs in English when their meanings are
semantically intact. For instance, the auxiliary
boshlamoq (to begin) is translated as start, which is also
its independent equivalent. They are given in Table 4.
Table 4. Auxiliary verbs translated via equivalent main verbs
Uzbek
English
Note
Men yangi kitobni o‘qiy
boshladim
I started reading a new book.
Boshlamoq
=
start
Qiz mehmonlar bilan ko‘risha
ketdi
The girl began to meet with guests.
Ketmoq
=
begin
Notanish kishi tura solib
tashlandi
As soon as the stranger stood up, he threw himself
at Safarov.
Solmoq
= quick
action
CONCLUSION
Auxiliary verbs in Uzbek is important in expressing
grammatical subtleties of speech. They are used to
indicate:
•
the stage of an action,
•
its continuity,
•
completion,
•
speed, or
•
intensity.
In translation, these auxiliary verbs are rendered in
different ways:
•
Through
grammatical
structures
(e.g.,
Continuous or Perfect Tense),
•
Via lexical items (e.g., stare, pour out, scold),
•
By intonation or context when no direct
equivalent exists.
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
114
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ijll
International Journal Of Literature And Languages (ISSN: 2771-2834)
Research shows that 29 auxiliary verbs in Uzbek
express nearly 70 grammatical meanings, which
highlights their significance as a complex and rich
grammatical phenomenon in the Uzbek language.
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