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This article provides a comparative analysis of the peculiarities, formation, history, and typological features of the folk song "Adirasman," performed during the incubation of wormwood.

This article describes the semi-automatic determination of the frequency of wordforms used in the works of Abdurauf Fitrat and their statistics. High frequency words were analyzed within word groups. From the hundred highest frequency words, words with lexical meaning were studied, which help to identify the leading themes in the author’s work.

The article analyzes modern pedagogical technologies used in teaching the Russian language, such as learner-centered education technologies and technologies aimed at activating and intensifying student activity. It concludes that to help students systematize all the knowledge acquired in the subject and to improve or develop speech skills, teachers need to apply various pedagogical technologies.

This article expresses the idea of humanity, generosity, and doing good without expecting anything in return through the popular folk wisdom "Do good and do not withhold." The article reflects the ancient moral principles of the Uzbek people, particularly the virtues of selfless help, kindness, and generosity toward others. The proverb is analyzed from a pragmatic perspective, functioning as a directive speech act that encourages people to engage in good deeds. Such proverbs serve as important educational tools in fostering positive relationships in social life, such as harmony, solidarity, and mutual support. Furthermore, the proverb embodies the ethical ideals, national mentality, and social values of the people.

It is also drawn attention to adjust the interpretation of the works of changes in attitude to the works of art, the analysis of the level of understanding of the classical works of the reader. The characteristic features of that period, according to the needs of readers reviews were transformed into prose, carried out by analyzing changes in the first prose description of "Nasri Xamsai unique" case-lit.  There were analyzed the original interpretation of the work, which shows the mistakes and flaws.

This article explores the relationship between morphosyntactic models and phraseological constructions involving phytonyms (fixed expressions) and examines their pragmatic and stylistic stratification. It analyzes how these linguistic units’ function across different stylistic layers—formal, informal, and artistic—highlighting their structural features and communicative roles. By classifying phraseological units within various morphosyntactic frameworks, the study demonstrates their significance in enriching language expression and enhancing effective communication. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the structural and functional diversity of phraseological units, emphasizing their importance in both theoretical linguistics and practical language use.

This article examines the artistic function and role of landscape descriptions in Abdulla Kodiriy’s novel Bygone Days, one of the first examples of Uzbek national prose. Through an analysis of natural imagery and environmental descriptions, the study reveals how the author uses landscape as a narrative device to reflect characters' emotions, national identity, and historical context. The research highlights the significance of landscape imagery in shaping the aesthetic structure and ideological content of the novel.

In this article, we have specifically addressed the issue of the humorous character in S. Jumagulov's works. Character plays an important role in creating the image of the hero, through which the writer creates conflict. When conflict arises, the character of the hero is revealed even more. We will discuss and reflect on how the writer S. Jumagulov depicted the issue of character in his short-story works.

This article analyzes the na’t chapters of the "Khamsa" epics by Mir Alisher Navoi, the Sultan of the realm of words. Specifically, it focuses on how the Night of Ascension (Isro and Me’roj) in Islamic history has been emphasized in Navoiy’s works, reflecting his views on the education of the ideal human.

Three articles discuss words common to the Surkhandarya Karluk and Kipchak dialects and to Turkic languages. The original Uzbek words that form the basis of the Uzbek language also form the basis of other dialects, Surkhandarya Karluk and Kipchak dialects. It is reported that such words, with some phonetic differences, are also common to other related Turkic languages.

This article explores the narrative and stylistic methods Gabriel García Márquez uses to shape the perception of space and time in One Hundred Years of Solitude and Love in the Time of Cholera. It focuses on how lexical choices, narrative structure, temporal looping, symbolic motifs, and magical realism create unique spatiotemporal dimensions within each novel. The study argues that these devices are not ornamental but integral to the novels’ thematic concerns with history, memory, fate, and love. Through close stylistic analysis, the article demonstrates how Márquez builds fictional worlds with their own temporal laws, challenging conventional narrative expectations and enriching literary experience.

The article presents opinions, suggestions, and recommendations on developing students' essay writing skills, developing creative thinking skills through essay writing, the differences and advantages of essays from other types of written work, and what criteria should be followed when creating them.

Visual cognitive verbs play a key role in expressing perception and cognition. This paper explores their morphological properties, including inflections and derivational forms, as well as their typical syntactic patterns, such as argument structure and complementation. By analyzing a selected corpus of contemporary written and spoken texts, we investigate how these verbs function in real usage. The results highlight both core similarities and subtle distinctions among visual cognitive verbs, shedding light on their role in conveying perception and mental processes. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of how expresses visual and cognitive meaning through specific verbal constructs.

The article analyzes the processes of artistic and poetic thought renewal in 16th century Uzbek literature through the lens of tazkiranavism. Using the examples of Mutribiy Samarqandiy and Hasanxoja Nisoriy, the features of complex expression of the poet's image, the clarification of aesthetic criteria, the strengthening of a critical approach, and the appearance of psychological elements in poetic thought are examined. The article also highlights how tazkiras combine aesthetic and social thinking, as well as the poets' active participation in the social processes of their time.

As education systems around the world embrace digital transformation, the role of pedagogy in leveraging technology for meaningful learning becomes increasingly important. Digital pedagogy is more than the mere use of digital tools; it is the application of pedagogical principles tailored to a technologically rich environment. For English language teachers, understanding the theoretical underpinnings of digital pedagogy is essential for designing engaging, effective, and inclusive instruction. This article explores the theoretical foundations of digital pedagogy, examines its relevance and application in English language teaching (ELT), and discusses implications for teacher education and professional development.

This article explores the linguistic characteristics commonly found in children’s literature, emphasizing their role in cognitive and linguistic development among young readers. Employing qualitative content analysis, the research examines ten acclaimed children’s picture books, identifying how simplicity in vocabulary and sentence structure, repetition, rhythmic and rhyming patterns, and text-illustration integration enhance engagement and comprehension. Findings demonstrate that these features significantly support children’s language acquisition and cognitive growth, providing essential insights for educators and authors in creating effective and engaging children’s literature.

The article discusses the organization of the examination process for determining the grammatical and lexical characteristics of territorial words. On the basis of a number of methods in organizing the process of linguistic expertise of anonymous, problematic correspondence on social networks, it was thought about the emergence of conclusions and stops that are relevant for the judicial system. As a result of the tsuhuncha of contactology in Areal linguistics, it has been reported that the mixing of several sister languages and its occurrence of territorial specificity in speech.

This article explores the typology of the sonnet genre in Karakalpak and English literature, highlighting the structural, thematic and stylistic similarities and differences between the two traditions. The study examines the historical development and cultural influences that shaped the sonnet form in both literatures, focusing on key figures and their contributions to the genre. The English sonnet, notably the Shakespearean and Petrarchan forms, is discussed in terms of its structural rigidity and thematic concerns with time, love and mortality. In contrast, the Karakalpak sonnet, introduced in the 20th century, displays greater flexibility in its structure and often reflects themes of national identity, social transformation and the interplay between tradition and modernity. By comparing these two literary traditions, this article underscores the adaptability of the sonnet form across different cultural contexts and its ability to convey universal human experiences while incorporating local cultural elements.

In the contemporary globalized world, education systems are increasingly expected to foster both subject-specific knowledge and foreign language competence. The Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) approach has emerged as a powerful pedagogical framework to simultaneously promote content mastery and language proficiency. This article investigates the pedagogical potential of CLIL in integrating English language teaching with the development of scientific literacy among middle school learners. Drawing on classroom-based applications and theoretical insights, the study explores how CLIL contributes to dual learning outcomes, with a particular focus on 6th-grade science education. The findings suggest that when effectively implemented, CLIL fosters deeper cognitive engagement, contextual language use, and enhanced understanding of scientific concepts, thereby offering a promising pathway toward interdisciplinary education.

This article covers the issues of developing the methodology of teaching the Karakalpak language in the context of globalization. In the process of language teaching, historical stages, traditional and modern methods, basic principles, the role of innovative technologies, and approaches based on modern requirements are analyzed. Also, the main problems arising in the teaching of the Karakalpak language, ways to eliminate them, and the need to study world experience are indicated. The article substantiates the need for innovative approaches and methodological improvement in increasing the effectiveness of learning the Karakalpak language.

The article examines the artistic mastery and reflection of the realities of life in the poetry of Muhammad Yusuf. As such creative specific be analyze the topic’s artistically interpretation poet in remembrance. From after that, then result’s generalized theory and artistically. In the topic peculiar poetry study process of events and thoroughly be opinion in the poetry mental condition the creator’s skill.

This article discusses the genre of tongue twister, one of the oldest and smallest genres of oral folk art, the types of performers according to age characteristics - children's, teenagers' and adults' tongue twister. The opinions, scientific and theoretical views of scientists on this issue were studied, and the author's position on this matter was also expressed. At the same time, the article analyzes examples of tongue twisters of Uzbek, Karakalpak, and other Turkic peoples, examining their connection with ancient rituals and ceremonies, the composition of tongue twisters, and their specific features.

This article analyzes the use of proverbs in modern Uzbek literature, in particular, in the work of poets, their artistic and aesthetic load, changes in content and form, and their place in the poetic text. The life experience, exemplary thoughts, and national wisdom embodied in the articles are sometimes used creatively by the poets, sometimes exactly, and sometimes in a revised form. Also, the poetic interpretation of proverbs in accordance with modern social conditions is analyzed.

This article discusses one of the genres of Uzbek oral folk art — the fairy tale. It analyzes the process of creation and narration of fairy tales, the diversity of their themes, as well as their educational and spiritual significance. The article highlights the impact of fairy tales on the psyche, their interpretation, and their role in Uzbek culture. This article provides an in-depth analysis of Uzbek folk tales, one of the most important and ancient genres of oral folk literature. Folk tales are regarded as a vivid reflection of the people’s worldview, dreams, and aspirations. They portray high human values such as kindness, justice, courage, friendship, loyalty, diligence, experience, and wisdom through artistic imagery. The article examines the process of the creation and oral transmission of tales across generations, the style of storytelling, the emotional and artistic connection between the narrator and the audience, and the classification of tales into different thematic types – such as magical-fantastic tales, animal tales, and everyday tales.

This article explores the life and work of the great Scottish poet Robert Burns, providing insight into his entry into the world of literature. Particular attention is given to the themes of folk spirit, patriotism, love for his beloved and homeland, as well as the reflection of national values in his poetry.

Behbudi's work is examined as a significant literary phenomenon that reflects the social realities of the country, marking the first Uzbek drama. In the play “Parricide”, Behbudi condemns a wealthy man as an indifferent father who neglects the upbringing of his son. In contrast, Qodiriy highlights another aspect of the issue through the portrayal of the selfish and greedy Fayziboy in “Unhappy Groom”. This article argues that the representation of both wealthy men as self-serving individuals, solely pursuing their own interests, introduces a novel concept. Furthermore, it discusses the congruity of the ideas and interpretations presented in the dramas of Behbudi and Qodiriy, as well as their distinctiveness.

This methodological recommendation provides recommendations on the topic of studying A.S. Pushkin's poetic novel "Eugene Onegin" in 10th grade literature. The historical period in which the author lived and the problems of this period are depicted in the work. A brief summary of the work and assignments is provided in addition to those in the textbook. Working based on modern pedagogical technologies in relation to the analysis of the work is explained with examples. New methods and exercises are recommended based on the teacher's personal work experience. A comparative analysis of the works and characters of some figures in Uzbek literature and world literature has also been conducted.

The article examines the practical significance of ritual folklore and its designation with a particular name related to the specifics of each national ritual folklore and the peculiarities of their composition. All types of Karakalpak ritual folklore mainly consist of poetic forms and, apparently, are classified as lyrical genres.

The main features of the origins of the earliest children's theatre have been scientifically and theoretically analyzed in the directions of development of children's dramaturgy in Russia, Western Europe, America, Japan, and other countries.

Every language has its own unique grammatical structure, which serves as a medium for conveying specific meanings and essences. These elements are closely related to the linguistic, scientific, and spiritual worldview of the speakers of that language. This article briefly discusses the anthropocentric approach to the linguistic essence of the term in Uzbek linguistics.

This article examines the first book of the epic novel "Empire of the Moghul" by English writer Alex Rutherford, "Raiders from the North," dedicated to the life of our great ancestor, Zahiriddin Babur. At the same time, the depiction of Babur's mental state during his childhood, adolescence, reign, and military rule is analyzed.

Linguistics is a modern field of science that seeks to understand language as a uniquely human phenomenon. In Understand Linguistics, the subject is presented in a clear and comprehensive way, making it accessible to non-specialist readers who wish to gain a general understanding of this vital discipline.

The book covers several major themes that form the core foundations of linguistics, including:

This study focuses on the impact of scaffolding model provided by teachers on first intermediate students' English language acquisition in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) instruction. Aligned with Vygotsky's sociocultural theory and Wood, Bruner, and Ross (1976) scaffolding model, this research questions the impact of structured teaching assistance on students' progress in vocabulary, grammar, and reading skills and students' attitudes towards scaffolding methods in the classroom. A mixed-methods approach is used, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses. The sample includes 30 first intermediate students at a school, and data sources are written exercises, teacher feedback, and learner reflections. This study identifies the pedagogical advantage of scaffolding in intermediate EFL instruction and merits its continued use to facilitate effective language acquisition.

The protagonist, Jane Eyre, of Jane Eyre, a novel by Charlotte Bront, rebels against gender stereotypes.  Charlotte Bronte spoke out against women's oppression through Jane Eyre.  The novel's central theme is a perspective on God; the freedom to choose or alter one's fate and achieve one's ambitions is crucial to a woman's happiness.  Achieving equality by believing in one's humanity requires individualism, the bedrock of independent personhood.  For all the passionate debates throughout history, the foundational principles of justice and morality have always been women's inherent dignity and autonomy.  The general agreement was that God created women to be subservient to men and entirely inferior to them.  Despite this, Jane Eyre defends the uniqueness of every person's spirit as an essential component of human worth.  Bront's views on women as independent beings are shown to be contradictory in paratextual readings of the work.  In the beginning, we see reason and religion lauded as the foundation for moral conduct, the pathways to equality and individuality.  Jane Eyre expresses herself throughout the book as a free and autonomous person, a voice that not even patriarchal institutions can censor.

This thesis analyses the representation Social discrimination In Wuthering Heights. Emily Brontë, the novel's protagonist, lived in the Victorian era. A rigid class hierarchy was set with societal expectations during those periods that people with a higher social status should not be concerned with those with a lower standing. The book published at the end of the Second Industrial Revolution, illustrates the shifting shape of society, produced for the rich by new business opportunities and deteriorating working conditions for the poor. This hierarchy is seen by the characters in this novel: Lintons are the most elite, Earnshaws is the middle class, Heathchliff begins at a similar standing to Nelly as a lower class orphan, then Joseph and Zillah at the bottom. Social class plays an important role in forming the Wuthering Heights plot. The social status of Heathcliff and that of the other characters have a profound impact on their destiny. Catherine did not want him as her husband because like the Lintons, he did not belong to the elite social class. He lived with his family, at the mercy of his father and brother. So he is a classless orphan before he grows wealthy. He was born an orphan and there was no social identity or class for orphans. Catherine's father brought him from Liverpool, a poor orphan whom he was unable to abandon in the streets alone and powerless. When Heathcliff leaves and returns wealthier, however, his class and his aura have changed with it.

This article analyzes linguistic issues encountered in the translation of Uzbek auxiliary verbs into English. In the Uzbek language, auxiliary verbs are used to express various grammatical meanings, including the continuity or completion of an action, the manner of execution, and the speaker’s attitude. In English, these meanings are conveyed through different grammatical constructions and independent verbs. Within the scope of this study, approximately 29 auxiliary verbs were identified to express around 70 grammatical meanings. The article examines their translation features and discusses the key methods for translating auxiliary verbs and the challenges in constructing a linguistic database.

Social networks, their emergence, types and significance are a process that has been studied by scientists for several years. When we take a scientific approach to the connection of social networks with other areas and their practical significance, we witness that they are of great importance for all areas. An approach to social networks from the point of view of applied linguistics is of great importance.

The Internet is a social creation rather than a technical creation. Indeed, despite the amazing results and the visual shelter of the screen presentation, what is very clear when dealing with any of the functions of the Internet is its linguistic character. If the Internet is a revolution, then it can be a linguistic revolution. [1:10]. When using the Internet, social networks, people use linguistic and paralinguistic units as the main means of communication. Language is a product of thought, a means of socio-spiritual communication. Therefore, social networks are not a technical innovation, but a social innovation, as D. Crystal noted, if there is a revolution, then it is not a technical, but a social revolution.

This article comprehensively studies the linguopoetic properties of imitative words in Uzbek literary works. In linguistics, imitative words are associated with the phenomenon of onomatopoeia, and they play an important role in creating aesthetic, emotional and semantic richness in the language by expressing sounds in nature, animal sounds, human movements or noises made by various objects. In particular, in literary works, it is observed that authors effectively use imitative words to create images, ensure a lively and natural expression of events, and increase the strength of aesthetic impact. The article analyzes the phonetic and morphological properties of imitative words, their function in poetic texts, and their role in enhancing imagery. The functional load of imitative words in the literary text, their importance as a factor determining the rhythm, melodiousness, and emotional tone of the text are shown through examples from the works of prominent representatives of Uzbek literature - Abdulla Qodiriy, Oybek, Cholpon, Erkin Vohidov, Amon Matjon, Muhammad Yusuf, and other poets and writers. The article also reveals the frequency of use of imitative words in poetic speech, their expressive power in creating an image, their role in conveying the national mentality and features of the folk language based on a linguopoetic approach. The relevance of the topic is substantiated by examples of the use of imitative words in folk oral creativity, legends, epics, fairy tales, and modern prose and poetic literature. The results of the article serve as an important theoretical and practical basis for determining the role and significance of imitative words in the poetic language, and for research in Uzbek linguistics and literary studies. This study advances scientific views based on the linguopoetic source necessary for a broader study of language culture, artistic aesthetic influence, poetic imagery methods, and the expressive potential of the vernacular.

The article studies the ideas of the enlightened Jadid writer Ghozi Olim Yunusov about the vowel system in Uzbek dialects. His views on the vocalism and vowel system of Uzbek dialects are critically and analytically assessed.

This article compares and contrasts Uzbek, British, and American cultures in order to examine the practical uses of cultural metaphors and phraseologisms in cross-cultural communication.  The study emphasises how these linguistic components represent cultural norms, mental processes, and values.  The article illustrates the potential difficulties and miscommunications that may occur in cross-cultural conversations because of disparate idiomatic and metaphorical expressions through a number of examples.