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92
TRANSLATION OF HISTORICAL TERMS AS A WAY TO RECREATE THE
ATMOSPHERE OF THE KOKAND KHANATE ERA IN THE NOVEL "BYGONE
DAYS" BY A.KADIRA
Kendjaeva Gulrukh Fattilloevna
Bukhara State University
Ph.D. in philological sciences
e-mail:
Ruzimboyeva Mokhinur Abdurashidovna
Bukhara State University
third-year student
e-mail:
Annotation:
The article deals with the peculiarities of translation of historical terms in the novel
"Bygone Days", which is set in the times of the Kokand Khanate. Special attention is paid to the
terms denoting administrative positions and monetary units, such as "qutidor" and "tanga". Their
meaning and cultural context are analyzed, as well as methods of translation into Russian and
English, including transcription and transliteration. The author emphasizes the importance of
historicisms for creating the atmosphere of the era and conveying the socio-economic and
political realities of the time.
Keywords:
Historicism; transcription; transliteration; cultural-historical flavor
Introduction.
Literary works describing historical events and culture of a certain epoch
represent an important source of knowledge about the past. Historisms - obsolete terms denoting
objects, phenomena or offices characteristic of a particular historical period - occupy a special
place in such texts. One of the vivid examples is a novel set in the times of the Kokand Khanate.
The text contains numerous historicisms, such as "qutidor" and "tanga", which have no exact
analogs in modern languages. Their correct translation plays a key role in conveying the color
and spirit of the era. The aim of this article is to analyze the methods of translating historicisms
into Russian and English, as well as to identify their cultural and historical significance in the
context of the work. Special attention is paid to how translators coped with the lack of
equivalents and preserved the authenticity of the original.
Original
Mirzakarim ismlik qirq besh-elli yoshlar chamasida qoraqosh,
qorako'z, ko'rkam yuz, yaxshig'ina kiyingan bir kishi bo'lib Akram
hoji elli besh yoshlar orasidag'i bir keksa edi. Otabek qaytadan
Mirzakarim qutidorni ko'zdan kechirdi .
Russian translation
(M. Safarova)
Mirzakarim, a black-browed, black-eyed, handsome and well-
dressed man, looked about forty-five or fifty years old, while
Akram-hajji looked about ten years older. Atabek again looked
attentively at Mirzakarim-kutidor .
English translation
(K. Ermakova)
With his black beard and black eyes, Mirzakarim cut a dashing
figure. Lavishly dressed, he looked to be around forty-five to fifty
years old. Akram-hadji, on the other hand, seemed about ten years
1
Qodiriy A. O`tkan kunlar. - Toshkent: O`zbekiston milliy ensiklopediasi, 2018. - B. 11-12.
2
Kadyri A. Days gone by. Translated by M. Safarov. - Tashkent: Sharq, 2009. - C. 14.
Volume 4, issue 5, 2025
93
older. Atabek examined Mirzakarim-Kutidor carefully once again .
English translation (M.
Reese)
Mirza Karim Qutidor appeared to be about forty-five years old,
with strong brows and dark eyes; he was well-dressed and had a
handsome face. Akram Hajji was roughly fifty-five years of age.
Otabek again regarded Mirza Karim .
The highlighted word in this example should be called
historicism,
i.e. an outdated concept that
has no similar synonym. In this case, the word "qutidor" means one of the high-ranking officials
in the times of the Kokand Khanate. In the dictionary this word is labeled as follows: "1. Kuti-
kuti pul-dunyosi bulgan yirik boy, sarmoyador. 2. ўқon khonligida: olik-soliklardan tўplagan
pullarni qabul qilib oluvchi, saklovchi va khon hazinasiga topshiruvchi saroy amaldori"
. It
follows from this definition that the "qutidor" in Kokand was responsible in the khanate for
collecting and keeping taxes and money for the state treasury. In addition, it should be noted that
in most cases the name of the position often supplemented the name of the person, or completely
replaced it. An example of this is again Father Kumush, who is often referred to in the work as
Mirzakarim-kutidor or simply Kutidor.
Mirzakarim is described in the novel as an intelligent and stately man. He was considered one of
the most respectful people in Margilan, as evidenced by the respectful and courteous attitude of
the people towards him as a wise counselor. Kutidor is a wise man who is well versed in matters
of politics and trade. His appearance, which is also given in the fragment, is able to impress a
person. His respectful attitude with his wife and daughter indicate that he is a kind and sensitive
person. It is this characterization of the character that makes the reader understand that in the
history of Central Asia, educated and well-bred people were highly valued and appointed to
positions of the highest importance. And it was such advanced thinkers of the epoch as Atabek,
his father, Yusufbek-hajji and Mirzakarim-kutidor who laid the foundation for colossal changes
in the sphere of education, science and art in the territory of Turkestan in the era of Jadidism.
In translating the historicism into Russian and English, the translators used the method of
transcription
, since there is no similar substitution in the target languages. In addition, it should
be added that in addition to the position of "qutidor", the novel uses a whole kaleidoscope of
different ranks associated with the economic, political, military, social, religious, and domestic
life of the people. Numerous names of professions of court servants, aristocracy, artisans and
workers fully recreate the atmosphere of life of the Uzbek people in the second half of the XIX
century, and enrich the text of the novel with stylistic colors, thanks to which their translation,
which is also carried out by the method of transcription, which conveys the national and cultural-
historical color of Uzbek life.
The next category of obsolete vocabulary, which is presented in the novel, is the names of
monetary units. It is known that coins since ancient times have not only practical value, but also
are a valuable material source of information about the history and development of the people,
and play an important cultural and historical role. Numismatics, as a science that studies coins,
can characterize from an economic and social point of view the era when the coin was minted, as
the quality and size of coins indicates the position of the state and the people, the status and
wealth of the ruler. Even today, currency is considered an integral part of a country's domestic
3
Qadiri A. Days Gone By. Translated by Carol Ermakova. - Paris: Nouveau Monde, 2018. - P. 18.
4
Qodiriy A. Bygone Days. Translated by Mark Reese. - USA: Coppel TS, 2020. - P. 57.
5
Madvaliev A. Uzbek tilining isoҳli lugati. ҳarfi. - Toshkent. 2006 -2008. - Б. 390.
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94
and foreign policy, as a stable currency guarantees stable development. For this reason, the study
and analysis of monetary units in the novel is an important task, since the names of coins, being
historicisms, as a valuable source of historicity, reflect the social, everyday and political life in
the khanate.
Original
Qo'rg'on begiga kimxob to'n, yuzboshilarg'a atlas chopon, boshqa
yigitlarga uch tangadan pul in'om berilsin .
Russian translation
(M. Safarova)
Give the chief of the fortress a brocade robe, the centurions a silk
robe each, all other brave men three tangas each .
English translation
(K. Ermakova)
Hand a brocade khalat to the garrison chief, silk khalats to each of the
generals, and three tangas to each brave fighter .
English translation
(M. Reese)
Give a gilded robe to the commander of the fortress. Silk robes to the
yuz boshis, three silver tenga for soldiers with meritorious service .
One of such
historicisms
in the work is the word "tanga". In modern Uzbek language this word
has several meanings, of which "coin, kopeck" and "fish scales", also "the main currency of
modern Kazakhstan" are considered the most common. But in history the word was also used in
the meaning "Bukhoro khonligida 15 tiyinga, Kukon khonligida 20 tiyinga teng bulgan kumush
pul"
. That is, in the place of the novel's action in the period of khanates "tanga" denoted a
monetary unit of value of 20 tiyins in the Kokand khanate.
In the work itself, the word "tanga" was used by Azizbek, the ruler of Tashkent after the
successful siege and capture of the city. As a reward, he grants his soldiers three tangas each,
which is typical of the rulers of the time. However, over time, this very meaning of the word has
been lost, making it obsolete.
The translation of the word into Russian and English was done by transliteration, resulting in the
words "tanga", "tanga" and "tenga". Each of the translated words is supplemented with notes
indicating that it denotes a silver coin.
Conclusion.
Thus, the use of historicisms in the novel not only conveys the spirit and
atmosphere of the era, but also provides a deeper understanding of the social, economic, and
cultural realities of the time in which the events unfold. Thanks to careful translation using
transcription and transliteration methods, readers of different languages can touch the rich
historical heritage and national flavor of the work. Lexical features, including historicisms, play
an important role in creating an authentic image of the past and strengthening the link between
modernity and history.
LIST OF REFERENCES:
1.
Qodiriy A. O`tkan kunlar. - Toshkent: O`zbekiston milliy ensiklopediasi, 2018. - B. 11-
12.
2.
Kadyri A. Days gone by. Translated by M. Safarov. - Tashkent: Sharq, 2009. - C. 14.
3.
Qadiri A. Days Gone By. Translated by Carol Ermakova. - Paris: Nouveau Monde, 2018.
- P. 18.
4.
Qodiriy A. Bygone Days. Translated by Mark Reese. - USA: Coppel TS, 2020. - P. 57.
5.
Madvaliev A. Uzbek tilining isoҳli lugati. ҳarfi. - Toshkent. 2006 -2008. - Б. 390
6
Qodiriy A. O`tkan kunlar. - Toshkent: O`zbekiston milliy ensiklopediasi, 2018. - B. 88.
7
Kadyri A. Days gone by. Translated by M. Safarov. - Tashkent: Sharq, 2009. - C. 93.
8
Qadiri A. Days Gone By. Translated by Carol Ermakova. - Paris: Nouveau Monde, 2018. - P. 85.
9
Qodiriy A. Bygone Days. Translated by Mark Reese. - USA: Coppel TS, 2020. - P. 156.
10
Madvaliev A. Uzbek tilining isoҳli lugati. ҳarfi. - Toshkent. 2006 -2008. - Б. 661.
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95
6.
Khajieva F.M. Decoding of Stylistic Devices in Russian and English Translations of the
Uzbek Novel "Days Gone By" by Abdulla Qadiri (Stylistic Correspondences and
Transformations).
//
Theoretical
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541-545
p.
10.15863/TAS.2019.04.72.72.
7.
Kendjaeva,
Gulrukh
Fattilloevna.
"METHODS
OF
TRANSFERRING
PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN RUSSIAN AND UZBEK TRANSLATIONS OF THE
NOVEL "PAST DAYS" BY ABDULLAH KADYRI." Theoretical & Applied Science 9 (2020):
316-321.
