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MODERN BRAKING SYSTEMS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
Sobirov Mamurjon Marufjonovich
senior teacher, Andijan state technical institute, Uzbekistan, Andijan, e-mail:
mamurjon.sobirov1984@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0009-0008-8508-611X
Abstract:
This article will study the braking systems used in modern cars and analyze their
development. It will also analyze the indicators that need to be made for the main improvement
of car brakes..
Key words:
Modern braking systems, speed, floating, tread, caliper piston, caliper, disc, pad,
brake hoses, electronic safety systems, intelligentization.
Modern braking systems are being improved by the use of electronic safety systems such as ABS,
ESP and Electronic Brake-force Distribution (EBD), as well as by the use of advanced materials
(for example, "floating" brake discs with an aluminum hub), increased efficiency of pads and
hoses, and integration with autonomous driving and vehicle electrification systems. These
technologies are aimed at increasing safety, reliability, reducing braking distances and improving
overall vehicle control.
Main areas of development of braking systems:
Electronic safety systems:
Anti-lock braking system (ABS): Prevents the wheels from locking under heavy braking,
maintaining traction and allowing the driver to maintain control of the car, especially on slippery
roads.
Electronic stability program (ESP) and traction control (ASR): Help maintain vehicle stability
during maneuvers and prevent wheel slip.
Electronic brake-force distribution (EBD): Optimizes the distribution of braking force between
the wheels for maximum braking efficiency.
Regenerative braking: Used in electric vehicles to convert kinetic energy into electrical energy
during braking, which simultaneously slows the car and charges the battery.
DISCUSSION
Materials and designs:
"Floating" brake discs: Consist of a cast iron rotor and an aluminum hub, which reduces
unsprung mass and reduces disc heating, increasing its reliability and resistance to deformation.
High-performance pads: Pads with an increased coefficient of friction and temperature threshold
reduce the braking distance and prevent "floating" at high temperatures.
Reinforced brake hoses: Steel braiding of the hoses prevents their deformation when transmitting
impulses from the brake pedal, making braking more informative and reducing the likelihood of
air entering the system.
Intelligentization and integration:
Autonomous driving systems: Braking systems are becoming more intelligent to meet the
requirements of autonomous driving. Electric Vehicle Architecture: In electric vehicles, the
integration of braking systems with the electrical architecture improves overall performance and
control
Brake technology has seen significant advances in recent years, driven by safety concerns,
regulatory requirements, and the need for improved performance. These advances span multiple
areas, including materials, design, software integration, and automation. As a result, braking
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systems have become more efficient, more reliable, and capable of delivering increased braking
force. In this article, we look at the evolution of brake technology, its impact on maintenance and
repair, and the future trends shaping the automotive industry.
Drum to Disc Brakes: A Paradigm Shift in Braking Technology
The transition from drum brakes to disc brakes was a game changer in the automotive world.
Traditionally used drum brakes had limitations in performance and reliability. However, the
advent of disc brakes revolutionized the industry by providing superior stopping power,
improved heat dissipation, and improved braking performance in a variety of driving conditions.
The development of braking technology did not stop with the advent of disc brakes. Over time,
braking systems have evolved, evolving into passive, active and integrated technologies. These
innovations have been driven by the need to provide reliable safety measures, meet regulatory
requirements and optimize the development and maintenance of braking systems.
Passive Braking Systems
Passive braking systems are the foundation of modern braking technology. They consist of
components such as brake discs, brake pads, calipers and brake lines, which work together to
convert kinetic energy into heat. The composition of the materials and the design of the
components of these systems are constantly being improved to improve their efficiency, strength
and durability.
Active Braking Systems
Active braking systems are equipped with electronic controls and sensors to further improve
safety and efficiency. These systems include features such as electronic stability control, traction
control, anti-lock braking system and electronic brake force distribution. By monitoring and
intervening in real time, active braking systems provide improved handling and maneuverability,
reducing the risk of accidents and ensuring optimum braking performance.
Integrated Braking Systems
The latest advancement in braking technology is the integration of various vehicle systems into a
single braking system. This integration enables seamless communication between the various
components, improving performance and safety. The Integrated Brake Control (IBC) system
developed by ZF TRW is a prime example of this trend. It eliminates the need for a vacuum
pump and conventional large booster pumps, resulting in faster response and improved overall
efficiency. IBC also offers advanced features such as brake simulation and energy recovery,
making it a promising technology for the future.
Impact of Safety Regulations and Market Demands
The rise in accidents, injuries and fatalities on the roads has prompted governments around the
world to introduce stricter safety regulations. These regulations aim to reduce stopping distances,
improve efficiency and ensure the safety of vehicle occupants and pedestrians.
To meet these stringent standards, automotive brake manufacturers are constantly introducing
advanced technologies. Electronic stability control, traction control, anti-lock braking systems,
electronic brake-force distribution, brake-by-wire and regenerative braking are just a few
examples of such advances. These technologies have not only improved safety, but also pushed
the boundaries of what braking systems can do.
Furthermore, market demand for improved driver assistance systems, lower emissions and
increased performance has driven the development of new technologies available in workshops.
Brake system manufacturers and suppliers are striving to offer cleaner, smaller, lighter, faster,
safer and more affordable braking technologies. For example, the IBC module from ZF TRW
and the MK C1 module from Continental are pioneering solutions that meet these requirements.
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Due to the complexity of modern braking systems, a systematic approach to maintenance and
repair has become critical. Research has shown that the vast majority of warranty repairs related
to the braking system could have been prevented by regular maintenance rather than simply
replacing failed parts. To address this issue, manufacturers and industry professionals emphasize
the need to thoroughly inspect and service the entire braking system, rather than focusing solely
on individual components. This shift to systems thinking enables early detection and replacement
of worn parts, preventing premature failures and costly warranty repairs.
The Power of Software in Braking
Software plays a key role in shaping the future of automotive safety and braking systems. From
simulation to onboard electronic control modules, software enables high-speed exchange of
complex data between different vehicle systems. This capability goes beyond the capabilities of
traditional mechanical control systems, enabling significant improvements in system architecture.
Using software, automakers can select specific functions and optimize computing power,
creating customized solutions for advanced safety technologies, vehicle electrification, and
autonomous driving. Software integration has become an integral part of managing the complex
systems of modern vehicles, which contain a huge number of microprocessors, electronic control
units, wiring, and software code.
Leading companies such as Delphi and Bosch are leading the way in using software to drive
innovation in the design, development and performance of braking systems. For example, Delphi
delivers billions of lines of software code every day, reflecting the growing reliance and
influence of software in the automotive industry.
As technological advancements continue to impact the automotive industry, automated
emergency braking (AEB) is becoming an important area of research and development.
AEB is designed to prevent or mitigate collisions by automatically applying the brakes when a
potential hazard is detected. This technology holds great promise for improving road safety and
reducing the severity of accidents.
According to market research, the braking systems segment is expected to grow exponentially
and reach a volume of US$29.4 billion by 2020. This growth reflects the growing demand for
advanced braking technologies and safety systems. As companies invest in R&D, new
innovations in materials, drag reduction, activation time, torque vectoring, regenerative braking
and electromechanical advancements can be expected. The pursuit of improved performance,
safety and environmental sustainability will drive future developments.
CONCLUSION
.Since the transition from drum brakes to disc brakes, brake technology has
come a long way. From passive to active and integrated systems, brake technology has evolved
in line with safety and market demands. Software integration and the development of automated
braking systems have further advanced braking technology and paved the way for safer and more
efficient driving.
As automotive technology advances, the brake industry remains at the forefront of innovation.
By taking a systems approach to service and continually pushing the boundaries of technology,
manufacturers and service providers can ensure that vehicles are equipped with advanced
braking systems that focus on safety, performance and environmental friendliness. Braking
technology has a bright future as it continues to shape the automotive industry and keep lives
safe on the road. Here are some of the exciting developments shaping the future of braking
technology and automotive safety.
1. Electrification and Brake-by-Wire Systems: With the growing popularity of electric vehicles
(EVs) and hybrids, braking technologies are adapting to the unique requirements of these
powertrains. Brake-by-Wire systems, which replace traditional hydraulic control systems with
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electronic ones, offer benefits such as energy recovery, regenerative braking, and improved
integration with other vehicle systems.
2. Advanced Materials and Coatings: Brake manufacturers are exploring advanced materials and
coatings to improve the performance and durability of braking systems. These include carbon-
ceramic composites, lightweight alloys, and special coatings that improve frictional performance,
reduce wear, and dissipate heat more efficiently.
3. Sensor Technology and Predictive Maintenance: Sensor technology is being integrated into
braking systems to provide real-time data on brake pad wear, brake disc condition, and overall
system health. This data enables predictive maintenance, allowing drivers and service
technicians to address potential issues before they lead to brake system failure.
4. Intelligent Braking Systems and Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication: Braking systems are
becoming increasingly intelligent and capable of vehicle-to-vehicle data exchange. Intelligent
braking systems can communicate with other vehicles and infrastructure to provide features such
as cooperative collision warning, platooning, and intersection safety. These technologies can
significantly improve road safety and reduce accidents.
5. Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence: Braking technologies use machine learning and
artificial intelligence to improve efficiency and safety. These technologies enable intelligent
braking algorithms that adapt to individual driving styles, road conditions, and traffic situations,
improving the overall driving experience.
6. Autonomous Vehicles and Backup Braking Systems: As autonomous vehicles become more
common, backup braking systems are being developed to ensure fail-safe operation. These
systems feature redundant components, redundant power sources, and sophisticated algorithms
that monitor system integrity in real time, providing an additional layer of safety in autonomous
driving scenarios.
7. Braking Integration with Driver Assistance Features: Braking systems are tightly integrated
with driver assistance features such as adaptive cruise control, lane keeping assist, and automated
parking assist. These integrated systems work together to provide coordinated braking and
throttle control, enhancing driver safety and comfort.
8. Enhanced Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) Control: Brake system manufacturers strive
to optimize NVH performance to provide a quieter, more comfortable drive. Advanced
engineering solutions such as improved brake disc and pad designs, noise-absorbing materials,
and advanced calipers are used to reduce brake noise and eliminate brake judder. As technology
continues to evolve, we can expect further innovations aimed at improving the performance,
reliability and safety of braking systems, ultimately leading to greater road safety and increased
driving enjoyment.
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