Agriculture, as the core of the modern economy, faces unique and increasingly complex challenges that require innovative solutions.[3] Increasing competition in the world market, the need to solve problems of national food security and adapt to the conditions of joining the World Trade Organization (WTO) prove the relevance of innovative development of agricultural production. One of these areas is the formation of clusters in the agro-industrial complex. The concept of “cluster” is revealed, its elements and characteristics are considered, and the results of research by domestic and foreign scientists on the role of clusters in the economy are summarized. The differences between clusters and vertically integrated organizations are determined and the conclusion is made that, in a generalized form, clusters are characterized by more democratic management, management decision-making, innovative focus and the creation of opportunities for innovative development of all participants. As for the definition of agro-industrial clusters, they are proposed to be considered as regional associations of enterprises with the aim of increasing the competitiveness of products and stimulating innovative activities in the agro-industrial sector. The work establishes the relevance of the formation of agro-industrial clusters in food subcomplexes, where the production of raw materials before the sale of finished products represents a single reproduction cycle based on the intensification of investment activity and the introduction of innovations. The positive and negative aspects of agricultural clusters are highlighted. In modern conditions, the traditional method of dividing the economy into industries or divisions does not make sense. Within the framework of an innovation-oriented economy, agricultural clusters represent a higher level of development of integration processes in the agro-industrial complex, and their presence is the main condition for the high-quality development of agriculture.
This article is devoted to the experiences of Mahmud Tarzi, the Afghan enlightener, journalist, poet and statesman, in the tragic event, related to the coup d'état of 1928–1929 in the country, and through his poems of this period, his attitude to these events and factors, which led to them.
The article discusses the prospects for the development of the heat and power industry in the Republic of Uzbekistan. It was noted that according to the development concept of the Republic of Uzbekistan until 2035, the expected growth in electricity consumption in the Republic will be approximately from 2000 to 3156 kWh/person. This growth in electricity production is planned to be achieved by increasing the production of renewable energy sources (RES) in the structure of generating capacities from 12.7% to 19.7% by 2025, upgrading existing plants, building new combined-cycle gas plants (CCGPs) and further construction of a nuclear power plant (NPP).
Given that in the coming years to 85% of the thermal and electric energy in the Republic is generated in thermal power stations that use natural energy resources such natural gas, coal and fuel oil, and also given the greater depreciation of equipment stations and as a consequence their low efficiency, the authors emphasize the importance of using to generate these types of energy modern combined cycle technology.
It is indicated that currently there is a wide technical and industrial cooperation of the main foreign gas turbine manufacturers in the world. In the world, the main manufacturers of such equipment are three companies - General Electric (USA), Siemens - Westinghouse (Germany - USA) and Alstom (France, Switzerland, Sweden).
Variants of combined steam and gas turbine units (GTU) have been developed. As a result of the GTU operation, the gases used in the installation were proposed to be used in the steam power cycle.
Advantages of CCGP: combined-cycle plants can achieve an electric efficiency of more than 60 %. For comparison, the efficiency of steam power plants operating separately is usually in the range of 33-4 %, for gas turbine plants - in the range of 28-42 %; low cost per unit of installed capacity; combined-cycle plants consume significantly less water per unit of electricity generated compared to steam power plants; short construction time (9-12 months); there is no need for constant fuel supply by railway or sea transport; compact dimensions allow you to build directly at the consumer (factory or inside the city), which reduces the cost of power lines and transportation of electric energy; more environmentally friendly compared to steam power plants.
The disadvantages of CCGP include: the need to filter the air used for fuel combustion; restrictions on the types of fuel used. As a rule, natural gas is used as the main fuel, and diesel fuel is used as a backup fuel. The use of coal as fuel is only possible in installations with in-cycle coal gasification, which greatly increases the cost of building such power plants. This implies the need to build expensive fuel transportation communications - pipelines; seasonal capacity restrictions. maximum performance in winter.
However, despite the listed disadvantages of CCGP, at this stage of development of the Republic, combined-cycle plants can produce electricity with a high efficiency, thereby significantly saving natural gas. Approximate calculations show that the technical re-equipment of the domestic heat power industry using gas-turbine and combined-cycle technologies and environmental protection equipment developed in the world will allow saving natural gas annually in the amount of approximately 1010 m3, which in monetary terms will amount to 3 trillion soums. In General, it is concluded that
1.to solve the country's energy problems, it is necessary to accelerate the introduction of REI, technically re-equip the domestic heat and power industry using gas turbine and combined-cycle technologies developed in the world.
2.in power plants where the fuel balance contains a large proportion of fuel oil or coal, but there is also natural gas, in an amount sufficient to power the gas turbine, it may be advisable to thermodynamically more efficient gas turbine superstructures.
3.to implement the tasks of modernization and reconstruction, involve the private sector in the energy sector on the basis of public-private partnership. Create the necessary regulatory framework and technical infrastructure.
This article describes various aspects of the budget cycle from traditional budget practice in medium-term budget practice, the stages of drawing up the state budget for the medium term, in months, and describes the reforms in the budget process.