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PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS
Asatullayev Rustam Baxtiyarovich
Scientific Supervisor
Safarov Akobir Lutfullo ugli
Student
Abstract:
Physiological stress, aging, and cardiovascular health play crucial roles in maintaining
homeostasis within the human div. Physiological stress occurs in two phases: the ebb phase,
characterized by decreased circulation and metabolic activity, and the flow phase, marked by
increased metabolic responses. Aging affects cardiovascular efficiency, often leading to
conditions such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and heart failure. The cardiovascular system is
vital for homeostasis, as it ensures oxygen and nutrient delivery while removing metabolic waste.
Cardiovascular diseases, including strokes, heart attacks, and aneurysms, are commonly
associated with hypertension and atherosclerosis. Understanding these processes and conditions
is essential for improving healthcare interventions and treatments.
Key words:
Physiological stress, ebb phase, flow phase, aging, cardiovascular system,
homeostasis, atherosclerosis, hypertension, stroke, heart attack, aneurysm.
Physiological stress can be any kind of injury from burns, to broken bones; the div's response
to stress is categorized in two phases the ebb phase (early phase) begins immediately after the
injury. And the second phase is about 36 to 48 hours after injury is called the flow phase. In the
ebb (shock) phase there is Inadequate circulation, decreased insulin level, decreased oxygen
consumption, hypothermia (low div temperature), hypovolemia (low blood volume), and
hypotension (low blood pressure). In the flow phase there is increased levels of catecholamine,
glucocorticoids, and glucagons, normal or elevated insulin levels, catabolic (breakdown),
hyperglycemic (high blood sugar), increased oxygen consumption/respiratory rate, hyperthermia
(high div temperature) fever sets in, hypermetabolism, increased insulin resistance, increased
cardiac output.
Aging
The heart muscle becomes less efficient with age, and there is a decrease in both maximum
cardiac output and heart rate, although resting levels may be more than adequate. The health of
the myocardium depends on its blood supply, and with age there is greater likelihood that
atherosclerosis will narrow the coronary arteries. Atherosclerosis is the deposition of cholesterol
on and in the walls of the arteries, which decreases blood flow and forms rough surfaces that
may cause intravascular clot formation High blood pressure (hypertension) causes the left
ventricle to work harder. It may enlarge and outgrow its blood supply, thus becoming weaker. A
weak ventricle is not an efficient pump, and may progress to congestive heart failure. This
process may be slow or rapid. The heart valves may become thickened by fibrosis, leading to
heart murmurs and less efficient pumping. Arrhythmias are also more common with age, as the
cells of the conduction pathway become less efficient.
Homeostasis
Homeostasis in the div is only possible if the cardiovascular system is working properly. This
means that the system needs to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the tissue fluid that surrounds the
cells and also take away the metabolic waste. The heart is composed of arteries that take blood
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from the heart, and vessels that return blood to the heart. Blood is pumped by the heart into two
circuits: the pulmonary and systemic circuits. The pulmonary circuit carries blood through the
lungs where gas exchange occurs and the systemic system transports blood to all parts of the
div where exchange with tissue fluid takes place. The cardiovascular system works together
with all other systems to maintain homeostasis.
Stroke, Heart Attack, and Aneurysm
Stroke, heart attack, and aneurysm are associated with hypertension and atherosclerosis. A
cerebrovascular accident (CVA), also called a stroke, often results when a small cranial arteriole
bursts or is blocked by an embolus. Lack of oxygen causes a portion of the brain to die, and
paralysis or death can result. A person is sometimes forewarned of a stroke by a feeling of
numbness in the hands or the face, difficulty in speaking, or temporary blindness in one eye. A
myocardial infarction (MI), also called a heart attack, occurs when a portion of the heart muscle
dies due to lack of oxygen. If a coronary artery becomes partially blocked, the individual may
then suffer from angina pectoris. Characteristic symptoms of angina pectoris include a feeling of
pressure, squeezing, or pain in the chest. Pressure and pain can extend to the left arm, neck, jaw,
shoulder, or back. Nausea and vomiting, anxiety, dizziness, and shortness of breath may
accompany the chest discomfort. Nitroglycerin or related drugs dilate blood vessels and help
relieve the pain. When a coronary artery is completely blocked, perhaps because of a
thromboembolism, a heart attack occurs. An aneurysm is a ballooning of a blood vessel, most
often the abdominal artery or the arteries leading to the brain. Atherosclerosis and hypertension
can weaken the wall of an artery to the point that an aneurysm develops. If a major vessel such
as the aorta bursts, death is likely. It is possible to replace a damaged or diseased portion of a
vessel, such as an artery, with a plastic tube. Cardiovascular function is preserved because
exchange with tissue cells can still take place at the capillaries. In the future, it may be possible
to use vessels made in the laboratory by injecting a patient’s cells inside an inert mold.
References:
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