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ANTIBIOTICS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION. ANTIBACTERIAL
CHEMOTHERAPY.
Karaboyeva Malika Abdumajid kizi
ALFRAGANUS UNIVERSITY non-governmental higher education
organization, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Annotatsiya:
Mazkur maqolada antibiotiklar nima, kimyoviy tuzilishiga ko‘ra turlari, ularni
qanday ishlatish kerak va uning molekulyar ta’sir mexanizimiga ko‘ra klassifikatsiyasi haqida
ma’lumotlar berilgan hamda shu bilan birga zararli jihatlari haqida ham keltirib o‘tilgan bo‘lib,
antibakterial kimyoterapiyaning samaradorligi to‘g‘risida yoritib berilgan.
Kalit so‘zlar:
Antibiotiklar, penitsillin, betalaktomidlar, glikopeptidlar, lipopeptidlar,
aminiglikozidlar, tetrosiklin, makrolidlar, linkozamidlar, xloramfinikol, rifamitsinlar,
polipeptidlar, polienlar, ftorxnolinlar, rezistentlik, kimyoterapevtik preparatlar, faollik spektori.
Abstract:
This article provides information about what antibiotics are, their types according to
their chemical structure, how to use them, and their classification according to their molecular
mechanism of action, as well as their harmful aspects, and sheds light on the effectiveness of
antibacterial chemotherapy.
Keywords:
Antibiotics, penicillin, betalactomides, glycopeptides, lipopeptides, aminoglycosides,
tetracycline, macrolides, lincosamides, chloramphenicol, rifamycins, polypeptides, polyenes,
fluoroquinolones, resistance, chemotherapeutic drugs, spectrum of activity.
Аннотация:
В этой статье представлена информация о том, что такое антибиотики,
их типы в соответствии с их химической структурой, как их использовать и их
классификация в соответствии с их молекулярным механизмом действия, а также их
вредные аспекты, и проливает свет на эффективность антибактериальной химиотерапии.
Ключевые слова:
Антибиотики, пенициллин, беталактомиды, гликопептиды,
липопептиды, аминогликозиды, тетрациклин, макролиды, линкозамиды, хлорамфеникол,
рифамицины,
полипептиды,
полиены,
фторхинолоны,
резистентность,
химиотерапевтические препараты, спектр активности.
ENTRANCE
Nowadays, studying antibiotics and their effective use is one of the most useful and urgent issues
for humanity. The development of modern medicine has made it possible to prevent and
effectively treat many infectious diseases, and the role of antibiotics in this regard is
incomparable. Antibiotics are one of the main drugs in the treatment of various bacterial
infections. Also, thanks to antibiotics, diseases that were previously dangerous are now milder.
They protect the div from serious infectious complications. In some cases, especially before
surgical interventions, antibiotics are prescribed as a prophylactic - this serves to prevent the
introduction of infection. Antibiotics are a powerful tool in maintaining human health. However,
they should be used responsibly and only on the advice of a doctor.
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Antibiotics are among the drugs that have revolutionized medicine in human history. On
September 3, 1928, Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming was studying staphylococcal bacteria in
his London laboratory when he accidentally observed that a mold (Penicillium notatum) growing
on them killed the bacteria. The substance produced by this mold was later called "penicillin".
Fleming published his discovery in a scientific journal in 1929, but the news was not widely
known. Then, in the late 1930s, Oxford University scientists Howard Florey and Ernst Chain
worked on isolating and purifying penicillin. They successfully used penicillin in humans for the
first time in 1941. At that time, penicillin was only available in limited quantities and was mainly
used for military purposes. By 1944, penicillin had been mass-produced and was widely
available to civilians.
Late 1940s - early 1950s: Antibiotics such as penicillin and streptomycin began to be produced
around the world. During the time Uzbekistan was part of the former Soviet Union, these drugs
were also imported into the republic and used to treat infectious diseases.
1960s-1970s: Uzbekistan's pharmaceutical industry developed, and the production and
widespread introduction of antibiotics intensified. After independence in 1991, national
programs were developed for the production and use of antibiotics, and improvements were
made to the healthcare system.
What are antibiotics?
The word antibiotic is derived from the Greek words anti-, meaning against, and bios, meaning
life. Antibiotics are organic substances produced by microorganisms (fungi, bacteria), animal
tissues, and some higher plants that inhibit the growth and development of various microbes.
Antibiotics disrupt the metabolism of pathogenic microbes, killing them or stopping their growth.
They affect different microbes differently. For example, one antibiotic has a strong effect on a
certain microbe, but has a weak effect on another or does not affect it at all. Most antibiotics
destroy not only microbes, but also the human, animal and plant organism (tissues and cells).
Therefore, in medical practice, only those types of them are used that kill harmful microbes, but
do not destroy the human, animal and plant organism.
Antibiotics are effective against inflammation, but they must be used with caution and when they
are not effective. Doctors emphasize that uncontrolled use of antibiotics, not following the
dosage, and self-medication can lead to the infection becoming chronic.
Types of antibiotics according to their chemical structure
1
https://azkurs.org/ozbekiston-respublikasi-sogliqni-saqlash-vazirligi
2
I.Muhamedov, E.Eshboyev, N.Zokirov, M.Zokirov. "Microbiology, Immunology, Virology". "New Age Generation"
NM M , 2006
3
https://daryo.uz/2020/08/16/antibiotiklar-kanday-hollarda-ulnarni-abubul-qilish-yoki-kechish-kerak
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How to use antibiotics?
1.
If you are not sure how an antibiotic is used and what infections it fights, do not use it.
2.
Use only the recommended antibiotic for the infection you are trying to treat.
3. Know the risks of using antibiotics and follow the precautions given in the book.
4. Use antibiotics only in the recommended doses (not too much, not too little). The amount of
antibiotic depends on the disease and the age and weight of the patient.
5.
If you are getting good results from taking antibiotic tablets, never take an injection. Only take
an injection when absolutely necessary.
6. Do not stop taking antibiotics until all symptoms of the disease have disappeared. Continue
taking the medicine for at least 2 more days after the fever or all symptoms of the disease have
disappeared.
7.
If an antibiotic causes a rash, itching, difficulty breathing, or other serious side effects, stop
taking it and you should not use this medication again for the rest of your life.
8.
Use antibiotics only when absolutely necessary. Taking too many antibiotics can reduce your
div's ability to fight infection.
Classification of antibiotics according to molecular mechanism of action
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1.
Inhibitor of bacterial cell wall synthesis
Penicillins,
rincomycin,
vancomycin,
novobiocin, D-cycloserine
2.
Disrupts protein synthesis in bacterial
cells
Antibiotics that correspond to the tetracycline
structure, macrolides, levomycetin
3.
Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis
in bacterial cells and, at the same time,
disrupt the genetic code during
translation.
Aminoglycosides
4.
Antibiotics that inhibit nucleotide
synthesis in bacterial cells
Rifomycins, antitumor antibiotics
5.
Disrupts the integrity of the cytoplasmic
membrane of the fungal cell
Polyene antibiotics for antifungal activity
Harmful aspects of antibiotics
1.
Antibiotic resistance: Overuse or misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of
antibiotic resistance in bacteria. This reduces the effectiveness of antibiotics and makes some
bacteria untreatable. The rise of antibiotic resistance globally poses a major threat to public
health.
2.
Killing of beneficial bacteria: Antibiotics kill not only harmful bacteria but also beneficial
bacteria. This can lead to disruption of the microflora and imbalance of the digestive system. The
loss of beneficial bacteria can cause diarrhea, abdominal pain and other gastrointestinal problems.
3.
Side effects: Antibiotics can cause allergic reactions in some patients. For example, reactions
such as itching, rashes, or difficulty breathing may occur. In addition, antibiotics can have
adverse effects on the liver and kidneys, which can lead to long-term negative consequences.
4.
High costs: Antibiotics can sometimes be expensive. Especially when new antibiotics and
specialty antibiotics are needed to treat infections that have developed antibiotic resistance, this
places a significant economic burden on the healthcare system.
5.
The dangers of misuse: Antibiotics are only meant to treat bacterial infections, but they are
sometimes used to treat viral infections (such as the flu or colds). This misuse can lead to
increased antibiotic resistance and reduce the effectiveness of the drugs.
6.
Short-term effectiveness of treatment: Antibiotics are only effective in treating bacterial
infections, but they do not help improve the overall health of the div. In some cases, the
usefulness of antibiotics in fighting bacteria may be temporary.
Antibacterial chemotherapy
Chemotherapeutic drugs are chemical substances used in the etiotropic treatment of infectious
diseases, selectively affecting microorganisms and harmless to macroorganisms. When using
each antimicrobial drug, the principle of its physiological imitation is established, that is, the
molecular configuration and components of the drug that affect the physiological control
processes specific to the pathogen are determined. Currently, several tens of thousands of drugs
have been obtained that can stop the vital activity of bacteria that cause infectious diseases.
However, according to their pharmacological properties and requirements, several hundred
antibiotics are used in practice. The effectiveness of drugs is expressed in the sum of the
properties that provide the therapeutic effect. That is, when introduced into the div, it maintains
5
WHO (World Health Organization), "Antimicrobial resistance: Key facts" 2020
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the stability of its structure or forms active metabolites, the rate of adsorption and elimination
from tissues and biological fluids, selective action, and the sensitivity of microorganisms are
taken into account. The basis for the effectiveness criteria of drugs is also the spectrum of
activity.
The spectrum of activity - antimicrobial drugs can only affect the vegetative form of bacteria, not
their spore and cyst forms.
In order for drugs to demonstrate their antibacterial biological activity, they must have the
following properties:
- ability to penetrate the microbial cell;
- to bind to and modify specific target structures;
- at the same time, it can retain its structure or be converted into metabolites.
When choosing chemotherapeutic drugs, their spectrum of activity and the sensitivity of
microorganisms are taken into account. According to their specific activity, drugs can be against
bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. In addition, they are divided according to the spectrum of
action:
- drugs with a narrow spectrum of action (active against a specific group of microorganisms);
- drugs with a broad spectrum of action (active against a large group of bacteria).
Chemotherapeutic drugs have either a bacteriostatic (stopping the growth and reproduction of
bacteria) or a bacteriocidal (killing them) effect and selectively affect different structures of
microorganisms.
Mechanism of action of chemotherapeutic drugs on bacterial cells:
1.
To the cell wall (penicillin, cephalosporin, vancomycin).
2.
To the cytoplasmic membrane (polymyxins).
3.
Folic acid synthesis (sulfanilamides, trimethoprim).
4.
RNA synthesis inhibitor (rifampicin).
5.
DNA synthesis inhibitors (fluoroquinolones).
6.
30S ribosomal subunit inhibitors (aminoglycosides, tetracycline).
7.
50S ribosomal subunit inhibitors (erythromycin, lincomycin).
8.
Paraaminobenzoic acid.
Conclusion
In summary, antibiotics are natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic substances that inhibit the
growth of microorganisms or kill them, and they are widely used in medicine. Their
classification is based on their chemical structure, mechanism of action, and range of action.
Antibiotics are one of the most effective agents in the treatment of bacterial infections.
Antibacterial chemotherapy is a method based on the use of drugs to combat microbes, which
has become an integral part of modern medicine. Its success depends on the correct selection,
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S.Yu. KURBANOVA Microbiology and immunology - T.: "TAFAKKUR BOOSTONI" 2015.-320 p.
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dosage and use of antibiotics. At the same time, the problem of antibiotic resistance requires
their rational and responsible use. Thus, antibiotics and antibacterial chemotherapy are of great
importance in the fight against infectious diseases, and their proper use serves to improve not
only the health of the patient, but also the general health status of society.
References
1.
https://azkurs.org/ozbekiston-respublikasi-sogliqni-saqlash-vazirligi
2.
I.Muhamedov, E.Eshboyev, N.Zokirov, M.Zokirov. "Microbiology, Immunology,
Virology". "New Age Generation" NM M , 2006
3.
https://daryo.uz/2020/08/16/antibiotiklar-kanday-hollarda-ulnarni-abubul-qilish-yoki-
4.
https://hesperian.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/uz_la_wtnd_2015/uz_la_wtnd_2015_07.pdf
5.
WHO (World Health Organization), "Antimicrobial resistance: Key facts" 2020
6.
S.Yu. KURBANOVA Microbiology and immunology - T.: "TAFAKKUR BOOSTONI"
2015.-320 p.
