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volume 4, issue 7, 2025
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IMPROVING THE BRAKING SYSTEM OF AUTOMOBILES
Ergashev Dostonbek Pratovich
Assistant, Andijan State Technical Institute
Abstract:
The braking system is one of the most critical components in ensuring vehicle safety
and control. As automotive performance and traffic density increase, so do the demands on
braking systems in terms of responsiveness, reliability, and thermal efficiency. This paper
presents a study aimed at improving traditional hydraulic braking systems through the integration
of electronic brake-force distribution (EBD) and advanced disc materials. Experimental
comparisons, thermal analysis, and stopping distance evaluations were conducted to validate the
improvements. The findings demonstrate enhanced performance, especially under variable load
conditions and repeated braking scenarios. Furthermore, the article provides a deep examination
of braking dynamics, disc material science, and the broader implications of modern braking
technologies for sustainable and safe transport systems.
Keywords:
Braking system, disc brakes, EBD, stopping distance, thermal analysis, vehicle
safety, carbon-ceramic, hydraulic systems
1. Introduction.
The primary function of a braking system is to reduce vehicle speed or bring it
to a complete stop safely. As vehicles become faster, heavier, and more technologically complex,
braking systems must evolve accordingly. Brakes are not only vital for emergency stops but also
for maintaining vehicle control on inclines, during sharp maneuvers, and in adverse weather.
Traditional hydraulic brake systems, while effective, face limitations in load distribution, heat
dissipation, and response under emergency or repeated braking. They depend heavily on driver
input and hydraulic pressure transmission, which may be delayed or insufficient under certain
conditions. In recent years, electronic enhancements and material innovations have been
proposed to overcome these issues.
This study investigates the integration of EBD with high-performance ventilated discs made of
carbon-ceramic composites, targeting mid-range passenger vehicles commonly used in
Uzbekistan. The motivation behind this research stems from a need to reduce braking distance,
enhance thermal endurance, and adapt braking performance to varying vehicle loads and
conditions. Beyond technical advancements, this paper also considers the socioeconomic
feasibility of widespread implementation.
2. Methods
2.1. Test Vehicles and SetupTwo identical passenger vehicles were used: one with a standard
hydraulic disc-brake system (Control Vehicle) and the other with an upgraded system (Test
Vehicle) including:
Electronic Brake-force Distribution (EBD)
Carbon-ceramic ventilated discs
Temperature sensors and data loggers on each wheel
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Each vehicle was subjected to a pre-inspection and baseline calibration. Tire pressures,
suspension alignments, and vehicle weights were standardized to avoid confounding variables.
2.2. Braking Tests and ConditionsBraking performance was evaluated under three conditions:
Normal load (driver only)
Full load (5 passengers + cargo)
Repeated emergency braking (10 consecutive stops from 80 km/h)
Additional tests were conducted on different road surfaces including asphalt, wet pavement, and
gravel to simulate real-world variability. All tests were carried out in accordance with UNECE
Regulation No. 13 guidelines.
2.3. Data Collection Tools
Stopping distance measured using GPS-based accelerometer (10 Hz sampling rate)
Brake disc surface temperature monitored with thermocouples (Type K sensors)
Deceleration curve captured with a digital data logger (sampled every 0.05s)
Environmental data (ambient temperature, humidity) also recorded
2.4. Table 1 – Technical Specifications of Brake Discs
Parameter
Standard Disc Carbon-Ceramic Disc
Outer Diameter (mm)
260
280
Thickness (mm)
22
28
Weight per Disc (kg)
6.5
4.2
Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K)
55
150
Max Operating Temperature (°C) 450
800
Specific Heat Capacity (J/kg·K)
460
900
3. Results
3.1. Stopping Distance Comparison
Load Condition
Control Vehicle (m)
Test Vehicle (m)
Normal Load
38.5
34.2
Full Load
46.3
39.8
Repeated Braking
55.2 (avg)
41.5 (avg)
The test vehicle consistently demonstrated shorter stopping distances in all scenarios. Under full
load, the improvement reached nearly 14%. The repeat braking test revealed how thermal
buildup in the control vehicle increased stopping distances, while the test vehicle showed stable
performance due to better thermal regulation.
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3.2. Thermal Behavior of Brake Discs
(Control Disc peaks at 430°C by 10th cycle, Test Disc stabilizes at 370°C)
Thermal images captured using infrared cameras confirmed significant heat spots in control discs
after repeated stops, indicating inefficient dissipation. The test vehicle discs cooled down 45%
faster, making them suitable for urban stop-and-go driving.
3.3. Deceleration Profiles
The EBD-equipped vehicle showed more uniform deceleration curves, minimizing the risk of
wheel lockup, especially under asymmetric loading. The smooth deceleration curve also
enhanced passenger comfort and control stability.
3.4. Brake Wear Evaluation
Brake pad wear was measured after 500 km of mixed urban and rural driving. Test vehicle pads
showed 18% less wear, while discs remained within tolerance limits. Lower wear rates suggest
longer service intervals and reduced maintenance costs.
4. Discussion
The integration of electronic brake-force distribution allowed dynamic adjustment of braking
pressure between front and rear axles based on load and road conditions. Unlike conventional
systems that apply uniform pressure, EBD optimizes force balance, improving safety during
cornering or emergency maneuvers. Combined with high-performance discs, this significantly
enhanced braking consistency and safety margins.
Thermal analysis indicates superior heat management, essential in mountainous or urban traffic
scenarios where repeated braking is common. Reduced heat-related fading minimizes
performance degradation and supports consistent deceleration.
Although carbon-ceramic discs are costlier than standard cast iron, their longer lifespan, reduced
weight, and superior thermal characteristics justify the investment for safety-critical applications.
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In addition, the reduced unsprung mass contributes to improved ride comfort and handling. From
a life-cycle perspective, such systems offer greater value.
Challenges include higher initial cost and potential brittleness under impact. These should be
addressed through hybrid materials or reinforcements. Moreover, integration of EBD requires
compatible vehicle electronics, posing a barrier for retrofitting older models. Thus,
implementation strategies must consider vehicle age, road conditions, and cost sensitivity of the
local market.
5. Conclusion
This research confirms that upgrading conventional braking systems with EBD and carbon-
ceramic ventilated discs significantly improves performance in terms of stopping distance,
thermal stability, and control. The study supports adopting such systems for passenger vehicles
operating in high-temperature or high-traffic regions. Beyond technical benefits, the reduced
wear and maintenance costs indicate strong long-term economic value.
For future work, integration with regenerative braking systems in hybrid/electric vehicles could
be explored. Additionally, advanced machine learning algorithms may assist in adaptive EBD
control, offering real-time adjustments based on driving style and terrain.
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