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5. Қыдырбаев А., Ҳәзирги қарақалпақ тилинде атлық сөзлер, Нөкис, 1961.
6. Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture. – London, 2006.
7. Ҳәзирги қарақалпақ тили морфология. ‹‹Қарaқалпақстан баспасы›› Нөкис -1981.
8. Wisniewski, Kamil. 2007. Word Formation Processes: How New Words Develop in the English
language. New York: Blackwell.
9. https://www.yourdictionary.com/articles/examples-compound-words-types
LINGUISTIC OPPOSITION AS A PHILOSOPHICAL CATEGORY
Khaitova Gulhayo Tovasharovna
Trainee teacher of Termiz State Pedagogical Institute
Annotation
:
In this article, the category of opposition has been studied since ancient times
and it is considered the main idea of dialectics, which is considered the main part of philosophy.
In particular, different interpretations of this phenomenon have been given based on the scientific
views of philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Protagoras, and Democritus.
Key words: Dialectic opposition, contradiction, antonymy, Hegel’s theory, relative
opposites, absolute opposites.
Many important questions related to the study of opposition appeared in the works of ancient
philosophers. Thus, Socrates noted that during the conversation and argument, contradictions in
the judgments of the interlocutors were revealed. In the clash of opposing opinions, it was
discovered that the truth is not so simple, but it is achievable. It is important to note that even then
the relative nature of the opposites themselves was realized. We read from Democritus: “If you do
not desire much, then even a little will seem like a lot to you. For the desire for little equates
poverty with wealth
.
There are several quotes from Plato's works that are crucial to comprehending
opposition and the nature of antonymy. According to Plato, opposites are mutually permeable, and
the mutual transition of one opposition to another is linked to the change in the quality of objects
distinguished by them. The philosopher connects the idea of two opposing members to the
existence of a middle or intermediate member.
“Isn’t there something intermediate between any
two opposites? For example, between a large thing and a smaller one, growth and decrease are
possible...” [5: 31].
This judgment is important and will be further reflected in the characteristics
of the opposite of antonyms that meet the logical criterion (i.e., having a middle term). Plato
illustrates the fundamental idea of antonymy—a symmetrical opposition of words—with the
discussion between Socrates and Protagoras. It takes place. – Apart from terrible, is there another
opposite? - No. "Doesn't this imply that there are only one and never multiple opposites for
everything?" [5: 217].
The dialectic of opposition is a difficult topic that was discussed by ancient philosophers. It
later found its fullest expression in the philosophical systems of Hegel and Karl Marx. Hegel
defined opposition as "the unity of identity and difference" [2: P.46]. There are many
inconsistencies in the world. Nothing in life stays the same; everything changes. The objects of
reality and phenomena cannot be the same. It is replaced during development by a notable
difference, which then intensifies and typically turns into the reverse [1: P. 332].
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According to Hegel, the dialectical connection of opposing sides characterizes opposition as
a logical category. As a result, both positive and negative exist in relation to one another and are
fundamentally defined by it. According to Hegel [2: P.48], "Each of them is itself and its other...
Each of them is positive and negative in itself." It is important to remember Hegel's theory that
difference—which has developed into opposition—is relative, meaning that the subject's
evaluation of specific phenomena, attributes, or features is linked to the perception of those same
things as contrary. Debt, for instance, and property are not two distinct categories of property. It
is positive for the creditor and negative for the debtor. Hegel discusses here some significant issues
that will be pertinent to the definition of lexical antonymy: the relative and absolute nature of the
opposite, the evaluation of quality, and the characteristic that underlies the opposition of two
entities.
The philosophical definition of the opposition underlying linguistic antonymy is given in the
works of the classics of materialist philosophy. Opposition between two essences and opposition
inside one essence are the two categories of opposition that K. Marx distinguished. "North and
south are two different ways of defining the same essence, two ways of differentiating the essence
at its most advanced stage of development... The pole and the non-pole, the human race and the
non-human race, would be the real, authentic extremes. "The opposite that underlies antonymy is
the difference within the same essence (quality, property, relationship, movement, state, etc.),
extreme opposing manifestations of such an essence, their polar definitions: light - heavy (weight),
near - far (distance from something), rise - fall (vertical movement), health - disease (activity, div
conditions: normal and disturbed), and under," according to L.A. Novikov's analysis of this
example. [3: P.244].
Each opposition, according to K. Marx, inherently contains its own opposite; opposites are
mutually permeable. Because they are dialectically related, opposites mutually refuse one another
in addition to considering one another. As a result, antonyms serve as indicators of a unity
"bifurcated" into opposites, distinguishing a single essence while also pointing out the unbreakable
bond between opposites and the limit of any quality's manifestation. For instance, the terms hot
and cold denote the limits of a qualitative evaluation of temperature; they simultaneously
conjugate interpenetrating elements of the whole and mutually cancel polarities.
Any category,
according to K. Marx, begins development from identity, moving into difference and further, into
opposition and contradiction. Thus, opposition acts as one of the categories of development of
contradiction. It is the philosophical justification opposites reveals the internally complex nature
of antonymic relationships, when words that are opposite in meaning, mutually exclusive,
constitute qualities, attributes, and properties of one essence. “The internal connection of the
parties, the connection of opposites, old and new in the process of development, is essential.
E. N. Miller notes that the opposites of meaning are directly dependent upon the opposites
of objective reality, citing F. Engels' "Dialectics of Nature" as support: "In speech, those relations
of opposites that objectively exist in the real world find expression" [4: 14]. Many antonymy
researchers, however, have a different perspective. Novikov (3: P.56) holds that the reason why
items and their properties are considered "opposite" is not because of their intrinsic qualities, but
rather because of how they are understood, valued, and integrated into the linguistic system
through groups of words that share the same meaning. E.N. Miller draws conclusions about the
presence of relative and absolute opposites by analysis of several examples, which are consistent
with the distinctions philosophy makes between outward and internal opposites. The creator of
58
this concept uses antonyms, which are absolute opposites that signify opposing phenomena that
occur in the objective reality of the material world, such as freezing and thawing, stretching and
acceleration, and questioning and answering. They also refer to opposing phenomena and social
processes, such as meeting and parting, indignation and admiration, and so on.
Because of this, the philosophical side of opposition research enables the identification of
its causes, which are "embedded in the very nature of human thinking," as well as the
demonstration of the existence of opposites in all phenomena, objects, and elements of the
objective universe. Contradictory principles can be absolute or relative in nature, and can both
deny and continue each other at the same time.
REFERENCES:
1. Вальяно, М. В. Философия [Текст] : учебник / М.В. Вальяно. – М. : Изд-во “Дело и
сервис”, 2003. – 606 с.
2. Гегель, Г.В.Ф. Наука логики [Текст] : в 3 т. / Г.В.Ф. Гегель. – Т. 2 : Учение о сущности –
М.: Мысль, 1971. – 378 с.
3.Новиков, Л. А. Семантика русского языка [Текст] : учеб. пособие для филол.
специальностей ун-тов / Л.А. Новиков. – М.: Высшая шк., 1982. – 272 с.
4.Миллер, Е.Н. Природа лексической и фразеологической антонимии [Текст] / Е.Н. Миллер.
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Linguistics.
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UNDERSTANDING ANIMAL NAMES FORMED WITH AFFIXES
Khidirova Makhfuza Amirkulovna
Senior teacher at Denau Institute of Entrepreneurship and pedagogy
Annotation:
This article examines the utilization of prefixes and suffixes in creating new words
within the context of animal names in the English language. It explores how the addition of these
affixes to base animal terms can result in the formation of novel words that convey modified
meanings or highlight specific characteristics. The article emphasizes the importance of affixation
in expanding and enriching animal vocabulary, contributing to a better understanding and
communication of the diverse animal kingdom.
Keywords:
Animal names, prefixes, suffixes, derivation, morphology, affixation, English
language, vocabulary, modified meanings, characteristics.
