Automation and Control Systems

This article explores the use of augmented reality (AR) in robotics. Explores interactive programming lessons, allowing students to interact with virtual robots in real time, changing code and seeing the results of their actions. Simulation of real scenarios of robot operation in a virtual environment is also discussed, which simplifies the understanding of the principles of operation and programming of robots. These innovations make learning more interactive, enhancing learning and developing robotics programming skills.

The article describes the mechanisms, methods and tools for organizing and increasing the efficiency of industrial production and management in the context of economic modernization.

The relevance and demanding of the dissertation the theme. Today in the world the significance of pumping stations in the energy sector, land reclamation, pumping of petroleum products, as well as housing and communal services is continuously increasing. In these industries to ensure reliability, continuity, high energy efficiency and flexibility of pumping stations work, as well as performance under transient conditions is actual. In order to achieve all of the above mentioned parameters the certain progress has been made in other countries of the world where modem pumping equipment is constantly updated and improved. "In this regard, the use of a popular high-tech specialized basic and auxiliary power equipment of pumping stations, prolonging the life of the pipeline system by 1.5-2 times is necessary"1.
In the Republic of Uzbekistan, the large-scale activities on the effective organization of measures for the creation of energy-saving techniques and the control system of pumping stations operating modes arc carried out. In this regard, the notable progress has been made in developing effective methods, techniques and devices to reduce the influence of electromechanical and hydro-mcchanical transients on power equipment and pipelines of pumping stations. On the basis of controlled electric drive, the block diagrams and pumping units’ control algorithms are developed, frequency variable systems "asynchronous motor - pump" are designed, a combined management structure of asynchronous motor in turbo-machines are developed.
In the world, the questions of reliability and uninterrupted operation of pumping stations during transient conditions, the creation of new techniques and technologies of protection of the power equipment and pipelines of pumping stations against sudden transients are becoming particularly important. In this area, the implementation of targeted research in developing the control methods of the steady and transient modes of pumping stations operation, creation of the main power equipment and pipelines protection devices against water hammer, creating technical solutions and improving the reliability of the auxiliary power equipment for the removal of drainage and wastewater are the priority problems.
This dissertation research to a certain degree performs the tasks provided in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the Rational Use of Energy" (1997), the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan № PD-2343 on May 5, 2015 " On the program to reduce energy consumption measures, the introduction of energy saving technologies in the fields of economy and social sphere for 2015-2019", decree of the Cabinet of Ministers № 499 dated November 16, 1999 "On Measures for the Implementation of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the safety of hydraulic structures" as well as in other regulatory documents adopted 
The aim of the research is the creation of algorithms, methods, techniques and devices to reduce the negative influence of unsteady modes and sudden transients on the main and auxiliary power equipment and pipelines of pumping and hydroelectric stations.
Scientific novelty of the research consists in the following:
the algorithm of phased solving of electromechanical and hydro-mechanical transients at pumping stations, taking into account the duration of power equipment operation is developed;
the generalized mathematical model and software complex for calculation of "pipeline - pump - electric motor - electric grid" system elements, which allows to explore the power system transient processes during pumping stations transient modes are developed;
the new method of protecting of pumping stations pipelines against water hammer using the bypass device is substantiated;
the device of proportional control of the pump butterfly valve to improve the reliability of the pumping stations power equipment work is designed;
the method of simultaneous pumping of drainage and sewage water with different suction height by means of jet pump with the system of regulation is developed;
the regulated system of simultaneous removal of filtration, drainage and sewage water from buildings and adjacent territories of pumping and hydroelectric stations by means of jet pump to protect against flooding is developed.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of research on the doctoral dissertation on the theme: "Algorithms and methods of regulation of the pumping stations operating modes” the following conclusions arc presented:
1. Conducted systematic analysis of operation modes of pump stations showed that one of the main causes of accidents at the pumping stations is simultaneous electromechanical and hydro-mechanical transients, complicated by water hammer. In connection with this phenomenon the problem of development of methods and devices of the protection of the pumping stations main power equipment and pipelines against water hammer is becoming important.
2. A model of the system "pipeline - pump - electric motor - electric network", which allows investigating the power system transient modes at various emergency and operating conditions is developed: at changing the voltage on the buses, emergency shutdown of the synchronous motors, accidents associated with the pumps or pipelines, and so on. When an intermittent decrease in power of synchronous motor by 15% (0.85Pmot) unit stability is preserved, and the electromagnetic processes decay quickly and hydro-mechanical processes continue about 140s. By reducing power by 30% (0.7Pmot) unit enters the long-tern fluctuations. Power reduction by 50% leads to the violation of the motor stability and to the break of its synchronism.
3. Software system capable to calculate water hammer on pumping stations with piping diameters up to 4.2 meters is recommended, ft may greatly influence the selection of the main and auxiliary power equipment, the design and parameters of water conveyance structures. Certificates of official registration of programs for electronic computers number DGU 03124 and number DGU 03644 are taken out.
4. The use of bypass device at the pressure pipelines for reduction the amount of pressure increase at water hammer is recommended. When using the bypass device water hammer in pressure pipelines is considerably softer. When the pressure in one of the pipelines increases water escapes into the adjacent pipelines or when pressure decrease it causes water flow from adjacent pipelines. This reduces water hammer by an average of 40%, the pressure reduction duration reduces by more than 1.5 times.
5. The proportional device of butterfly valve control for the protection of the pumping stations against water hammer is recommended. The utility model Patent number FAP 01119 is taken out. Change of butterfly valve closing speed is occurring smoothly and proportionally to flow velocity in the pipeline. Technical characteristics of the programmable logic controller is programmed in such a way that when the liquid direct velocity changes in the pressure pipe to the reverse, i.e. at the moment of zero liquid velocity, fixed by a digital velocity sensor, butterfly valve is fully closed which eliminates the possibility of water hammer in the main equipment and pipelines during emergency electricity shut down at the pumping or hydroelectric station.
6. The method of simultaneous pumping of filtration, drainage and sewage water from buildings and adjacent territories of pumping and hydroelectric stations is recommended. It meets the requirements of reliability and safety of operation at the increase of water flow associated with duration of stations and pressure pipelines exploitation.
7. The result of calculating of parameters of the suction flows from the building and the adjacent territory of the pumping station became the algorithm of regulation of hydraulic float system. Analysis of the dependences showed that the maximum suction flow rate out of the pumping station territory is attained in the area of overlap of butterfly valve regulating float device at an angle of about 40°-45°.
8. The system of the simultaneous removal of the filtration, drainage and sewage water from buildings and adjacent territories of pumping and hydroelectric stations is designed and recommended. The utility model Patent number FAP 00592 is taken out. The device is designed to work in steady-state conditions and during emergency flooding.
9. The results of the dissertation arc implemented into practice at a number of pumping and hydroelectric stations. Performed complex experimental studies confirmed the adequacy of the developed methods and mathematical models. Maximum discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental values does not exceed 6%, which indicates the accuracy of the studies. Proven cost-effectiveness of the implementation of the results of the research is about 200 mln. sums per year.

Tibbiyot tasvirlarini tahlil qilish usullari va algoritmlari ko’krak bezi saratonini erta bosqichda aniqlash va tashxislashda muhim rol o’ynaydi. Ushbu ilmiy ishda mammografiya tasvirlarida topografik xaritaga asoslangan segmentatsiya masalasi ko’rilgan. Ushbu muammoni hal qilishda tasvirlarga dastlabki ishlov berish va segmentlash algoritmlari takomillashtirilgan

The article is devoted to solving the problem of selecting precedent objects, which is an important aspect of multi-clustering in pattern recognition and classification processes. A new algorithm for selecting precedent objects, taking into account the space of nominal and numerical features, is proposed. This algorithm ensures accurate, robust, and transparent data classification, enhancing the effectiveness of analytical decision-making, especially in medical diagnostic processes.

This article discusses the increasing role of Artificial Intelligence (Al) in English language education, highlighting its benefits and potential drawbacks. Three main purposes of Al in education have been outlined. Moreover, practical examples such as ChatGPT, Mentimeter, Gencraft, and Aspose Grade calculator are used to illustrate how Al is transforming teaching and learning processes. While acknowledging the advantages of Al in providing personalized learning, creating engaging materials, and automating assessment, the text also emphasizes the importance of critical thinking, teacher guidance, and responsible Al use. The conclusion stresses that Al is no longer a futuristic tool but a present-day resource, and educators must equip students to use it wisely and ethically.

The article reveals the essence, features and problems of digitalization of legal relations in the field of tax control in modern realities. The author defends the position that, despite the convenience, efficiency and effectiveness of the use of digital technologies in the framework of tax control, more attention should be paid to data security issues, compliance with the balance of private and public interests, ensuring the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of taxpayers and other controlled entities through detailed regulation of relevant administrative procedures.

This article examines the causes of accidents that are currently occurring in JSC "Uzbekistan Railways". At present, one of the important
tasks is to ensure labor protection and production stability in railway transport. Accidents at production facilities and damage to technical
equipment used at hazardous production facilities lead to injuries of workers and pollution of the environment during the transportation of toxic and hazardous substances