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SUBCULTURES AS A METHOD OF INTERPERSONAL
AND INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Nargiza ERGASHOVA
Student of International journalism
faculty, UzSWLU
Many problems related to culture are international and even global dimension.
Acute problems of "mass culture", spirituality and lack of spirituality. At the same time,
are becoming increasingly important impact, dialogue, mutual understanding of
different cultures, including the relationship of modern Western culture and traditional
cultures of the developing countries of Asia and Latin America. Thus, interest in issues
of cultural theory has profound practical roots. All this has stimulated the development
of the philosophical problems of culture and has led to significant progress in the field
of knowledge, down to the question of the creation of a special science of culture -
cultural studies.
The study of culture has deep philosophical tradition (the philosophy of history,
philosophy of culture) and attracts the attention of other disciplines, primarily -
archeology, ethnography, psychology, history, sociology, not to mention the sciences
that study the various forms of consciousness - the art, morality, religion and etc. Each
of the concrete sciences creates a certain idea of culture as the subject of his research.
So "image culture" in various sciences looks different. Western scholars of culture have
between 150 and 250 definitions of culture. This is due not only to the specific interests
of specific sciences, but also a variety of ideological positions and even different
approaches within one worldview from which to view culture.
The earliest sociological studies on subcultures came from the so-called Chicago
School, who interpreted them as forms of deviance and delinquency. Starting with what
they called Social Disorganization Theory, they claimed that subcultures emerged on
one hand because of some population sectors’ lack of socialization with the mainstream
culture and, on the other, because of their adoption of alternative axiological and
normative models. As Robert E. Park, Ernest Burgess, and Louis Wirth suggested, by
means of selection and segregation processes, there thus appear in society "natural
areas" or "moral regions" where deviant models concentrate and are re-enforced; they
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do not accept objectives or means of action offered by the mainstream culture,
proposing different ones in their place—thereby becoming, depending on
circumstances, innovators, rebels, or retreatists (Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin).
Intercultural Communication Competence is a form of communication that aims to
share information across different cultures and social groups. It is used to describe the
wide range of communication processes and problems that naturally appear within an
organization or social context made up of individuals from different religious, social,
ethnic, and educational backgrounds. Intercultural communication is sometimes used
synonymously with cross-cultural communication. In this sense it seeks to understand
how people from different countries and cultures act, communicate and perceive the
world around them. Many people in intercultural business communication argue that
culture determines how individuals encode messages, what medium they choose for
transmitting them, and the way messages are interpreted.
The European researcher Daniele Trevisani pointed out the semantic distinction
between intercultural and cross-cultural communication should be clearly specified:
Intercultural Communication properly refers to the study of the "interaction" between
people from different cultures, while cross-cultural communication specifically refers
to the comparison of how people from different cultures communicate. In other words,
cross-cultural communication is a "static differential image" depicting differences in
communication patterns across different cultures, while Intercultural Communication
studies "dynamic interactional patterns", what happens when people from at least two
different cultures meet and interact, and what "frames" are generated from this
interaction, e.g. understanding vs. misunderstanding, agreement vs. disagreement,
cultural adaptation vs. cultural isolation, emerging of "third cultures", conflict vs.
cooperation, intercultural team cohesiveness vs. team misunderstandings, intercultural
projects success vs. projects failure, emotional improvement vs. emotional
deterioration, and any other relational outcome.
Good intercultural communicators have personality strength (strong sense of self
and are socially relaxed), communication skills (verbal and nonverbal), psychological
adjustment (ability to adapt to new situations), and cultural awareness (understanding
how people of different cultures think and act). These areas can be divided into eight
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different skills:
o self-awareness (using knowledge about yourself to deal with difficult situations);
o self-respect (confidence in what you think, feel, and do);
o interaction (how effectively you communicate with people);
o empathy (being able to see and feel things from other people's points of view);
o adaptability (how fast you can adjust to new situations and norms);
o certainty (the ability to do things opposite to what you feel);
o initiative (being open to new situations);
o acceptance (being tolerant or accepting of unfamiliar things).
As the world becomes more complicated and culturally pluralistic, and increases
the importance of topics related to intercultural communication. The ability to
communicate, regardless of cultural barriers affect our lives, not only at work or at
school, but also at home, in the family and in the gaming environment. Intercultural
and cross-cultural communication became the subject of many studies. Scientists
propose a set of definitions of communication, including intercultural. Porter and
Samovar, for example, gives the following definition of communication: "What takes
place whenever someone responds to the behavior or the consequences of the behavior
of another person". In another study, they define communication as something that
happens "whenever the behavior is attributed to some sense" is defined simply as the
communication exchange of knowledge, ideas, thoughts, concepts (concepts) and
emotions that occur between people. Intercultural communication has a number of
features that make it more complex, demanding and difficult than intra or interpersonal
communication. To understand these specific issues, it is necessary to obtain a more
complete understanding of the basic components of the communication process. The
components of the communication process can be differentiated in several ways. One
of them - to determine the modes by which communication can take place. People
communicate using two modalities: verbal and nonverbal, as described by us in the two
preceding chapters. Verbal modus includes language with its unique set of phonemes,
morphemes and vocabulary, syntax and grammar, phonology, semantics and
pragmatics. Verbal language - containing these components semantic system, which
provides for the exchange of ideas, thoughts and feelings . Non-verbal modality
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includes all non-linguistic behavior, including facial expressions, gaze and eye contact,
voice intonation and paralinguistic clues, interpersonal space, gestures, div posture
and pause. As we saw in the previous chapter, non-verbal behavior is multidimensional;
It serves many purposes, besides the direct communication (remember Ekman and
Friesen classification regarding nonverbal actions as illustrations of regulators,
emblems, as well as gestures, adapters, and emotions).
References
1.
Arent, R. (2009) “Bridging the Cross-Cultural Gap: Listening and
Speaking Tasks for Developing Fluency in English”, Michigan ELT.
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Hamdan-Mansour, M. A. (2016) “Intercultural Communication”,
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Communication, Verbal and Nonverbal, https://www.google.com Ostankowicz-
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