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THEORETICAL STEPS OF STUDYING
APHORISMS IN LINGUISTICS
Ezoza ARZIMURODOVA
Master’s student Uzbekistan State World
Languages University
At the present stage, aphorism is defined ambiguously and is understood in
different ways. Differences in the definition of the concept of "aphorism" relate to the
following points: 1) the presence or absence of the author in the aphorism; 2) emphasis
on the content side of the aphorism (an aphorism is a deep (wise) instructive thought in
a brief figurative form) or on the unexpectedness and originality of the judgment in
order to produce a “stunning” action; 3) the presence or absence of folk aphorisms. In
general, an analysis of the dictionary definitions of aphorism defines an aphorism
(Greek aphorisms) as a saying expressing in a concise form a generalized, complete
thought (“I would be glad to serve, it’s sickening to serve”, A.S. Griboedov). Universal
statements typify life phenomena, give a timeless and all-encompassing character, do
not contain an exact indication of the place and time of any action. Universal statements
convey abstract ideas through a typed generalization of real objects, phenomena. "The
opposition of universal statements and concretizing (ordinary texts) is supported and
determined by linguistic means, such as grammatical categories of the language and
specific features (auto- semantics, quotation, rhythmic organization, didacticity,
generalization, the presence of the author)". Universal statements perform a specific
function in speech: they make it possible to clearly and concisely express a thought,
accurately and briefly characterize a phenomenon, situation, a person’s attitude, and
express one’s feelings in an excellent literary form. The cognitive value of universal
statements lies not only in the variety of information, in the typification of the
phenomena of reality, in the generalization of the rich life experience of the masses,
but also in the derivation of general conclusions about the patterns of development of
nature and society. Aphorism is a catch phrase. V.G. Kostomarov and E.M.
Vereshchagin
39
refer winged expressions, along with words, proverbs and sayings, to
the structural units of the language: “ if we compare words, phraseological turns and
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linguistic aphorisms (meaning winged expressions, proverbs and sayings), then they all
represent a clichn (reproduced), are signs, may have a motivation for their meaning,
may have synonyms and antonyms, have functional similarity (that is , primarily used
for nominative purposes), have p aradigms (can appear in various cases or conjugate).
“An aphorism is a saying (usually in the form of a phrase) expressing some generalized
thought; for an aphorism, both completeness of thought and brightness, sharpness of
the form of thought are obligatory. A catch phrase, being part of linguistic aphorisms
(a linguistic aphorism is understood as “a phrase that is known to everyone and
therefore is not created anew in speech, but is extracted from memory”. In the Russian
language, traditionally, the number of language aphorisms includes proverbs, sayings,
popular expressions), acquires, accordingly, such an indispensable property of
language aphorisms as mass reproducibility.
A speech (individual) aphorism does not have such a property, and thus, is not a
linguistic aphorism. So, among popular expressions, you can find a lot of units that are
at the same time aphorisms (sayings), since they have not lost touch with the author. In
the above wording, S.G. Shulezhkova
40
emphasizes such an important feature of the
popular expression as a connection with the source. For this reason, proverbs and
sayings do not belong to the category of popular expressions (they have lost contact
with the source), but to the category of linguistic aphorisms (in the titles of works, these
types of texts are distinguished, for example, in the title of the dictionary by V. G.
Kostomarov and E. M. Vereshchagin " Russian proverbs, sayings and popular
expressions).
Aphorism has been effectively used in many types and areas of speech for a long
time in the form of a phrase (phrase text) as a verbal means of general comments and
universal generalization of reality. Aphorisms are found in philosophical, didactic,
religious speeches of ancient language cultures (Egypt, China, Greece, India, etc.).
Aphorisms are widely used in the language of folklore and fiction, religious,
philosophical, scientific, legal, political, journalistic and other speeches, in the
40
Shulezhkova S.G. Winged expressions of the Russian language, their sources and development.
Chelyabinsk, 1995. - 125 p.
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language of oral speech and in everyday speech.
In modern linguistics, by the end of the 20th century, the description of the
concept of aphorism in linguistic encyclopedias and dictionaries of linguistic terms, as
well as the use of the idea of aphoristic units in modern linguistics (including
educational linguistic literature) increased. In modern linguistics, more and more
attention is paid to the study of aphorism as a phrase. Aphorism as a linguistic
phenomenon has always attracted the interest of researchers in various fields, including
psychology, philosophy, literary studies, and linguistics. The wide range of
interpretation of the important features of this phenomenon explains different
approaches to its study: structural-functional, linguistic-pragmatic, stylistic, cognitive,
etc. J. In his book The World in a Phrase: A Brief History of the Aphorism, Geary
41
outlines the five laws of aphorism:
(1)
the aphorism should be brief;
(2)
it must be clear;
(3)
it must be said by a person known or unknown;
(4)
it must have a turning point;
(5)
and some kind of philosophical view should be reflected in it.
Currently, the linguistic status of aphorisms, category features, selection criteria
and classification, and other aspects remain controversial. Some scholars consider them
phraseological units
42
(Gavrin 1971; Kunin 1996), others see aphorisms as elements of
paremiology
43
(Sharmanova 2002), but many consider aphorisms a separate branch of
linguistics.
Despite the changing status of aphorisms, researchers have come to general
conclusions about it according to genre requirements. That is, they will have the
following common characteristics:
a)
informative conciseness,
41
James Geary. The World in a Phrase: A Brief History of the Aphorisms Paperback, 2006
42
Gavrin, Sergey. “Aphoristic Phraseology as a Linguistic Category.” Voprosy Teorii I Metodiki Russkogo Yazyka 87
(1971): 3-23. Print.
Kunin, Alexandr. Course of Phraseology of Modern English Language. Moskva: Fenix, 1996. Print.
43
Sharmanova, Nataliya. “Differential Features of Aphorism as a Unit of Paremiology.” Ukrainistyka. Ed. Mykola
Verboviy. Kryvyi Rih: Vydavnytsvo Kryvorizkoho Derzhavnoho Pedahohichnoho Universytetu, 2002. 131- 135. Print.
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b)
summarizing the idea,
c)
didactic,
d)
expressiveness,
e)
accuracy,
f)
communicativeness,
g)
completeness.
An aphorism is a unique expression of this deep thought. Aphorisms are
represented by complex general sentences, in particular complex sentences, which
contain a deep thought that is gradually revealed and polished in the aphorism. From
the point of view of linguistics, there are various types of aphorisms, and in the process
of learning, it is appropriate to pay attention to preserving the spirit of a particular
nation, while taking into account their syntactic and stylistic features.
References
1.
Kostomarov V.G. and Vereshchagin E.M. On Proverbs, Sayings and Common
Expressions in the Linguistic and Cultural Dictionary. // Felitsyna V.P., Prokhorov.
2.
Shulezhkova S.G. Winged expressions of the Russian language, their sources
and development. Chelyabinsk, 1995. - 125 p.
3.
James Geary. The World in a Phrase: A Brief History of the Aphorisms
Paperback, 2006.
4.
Teshabaeva, Dilfuza. "ELEKTRON GAZETA TILINING AKSIOLOGIK-
MENTAL TADQIQI." Namangan davlat universiteti Ilmiy axborotnomasi 8 (2023):
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5.
Gavrin, Sergey. “Aphoristic Phraseology as a Linguistic Category.” Voprosy
Teorii I Metodiki Russkogo Yazyka 87 (1971): 3-23. Print.
6.
Kunin, Alexandr. Course of Phraseology of Modern English Language.
Moskva: Fenix, 1996. Print.
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8.
Sharmanova, Nataliya. “Differential Features of Aphorism as a Unit of
Paremiology.” Ukrainistyka. Ed. Mykola Verboviy. Kryvyi Rih: Vydavnytsvo
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Ахборот Узатиш Ва Қабул Қилиш Жараёнида Лисоний Коммуникация." Miasto
Przyszłości 34 (2023): 198-202.
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