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18. Greenberg AM. Advanced dental implant place
ment techniques // J. Istanb. Univ. Fac. Dent. -
2017. - Vol. 51. №3, Suppl. 1. - S76-S89.
19. Misch C.E., Perel M.L., WangH.L, etal. Implant
success, survival, and failure: the International
Congress of Oral Implantologists (ICOI) Pisa
Consensus Conference. Implant Dent. 2008. -
Vol. 17, № 1. - P. 5-15.
20. Froum S.J., Rosen PS. A proposed classification for
peri-implantitis // Int. J. Periodontics Restorative
Dent. - 2012. - Vol. 32, №5. - P. 533-540.
21. Kadkhodazadeh M., Amid R. Evaluation of peri
implant tissue health using a scoring system //
JIACD. -2012.- Vol. 4.-P. 51-57.
22. Padial-Molina M, Suarez F, Rios HF, Galin
do-Moreno P, Wang HL. Guidelines for the diag
nosis and treatment of peri-implant diseases. Int J
Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2014. - Vol. 34, №
6.-P. 102-111.
23. The American Academy of Periodontology (AAP).
Peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis: a
current understanding of their diagnoses and
clinical implications // J. Periodontal. - 2013. -
Vol. 84, № 4. -P. 436-443.
24.
Бондаренко, H. H. Измерение оптической
плотности костной ткани альвеолярного от
ростка челюстей при заболеваниях пародонта
с помощью трехмер- ной компьютерной то
мографии И И Бондаренко, Е. В. Балахонце-
ва //Казан, мед. жури. - 2012. - Т. 93, № 4. - С.
660-663.
25. Ага-заде А.Р. Определение плотности костной
ткани челюстей при дентальной импланта
ции на основе фотоденситометрии // Соврем,
стоматология. - 2010. - № 1. - С. 77-78.
26. Николаюк В.И., Кабанова А.А., Карпенко Е.А.
Денситометрия в диагностике патологии че
люстно-лицевой области // Вестник Витеб
ского государственного медицинского универ
ситета. "2015. Т. 14. № 5. С. 114-120.
27. Kaptoge S., da Silva J.A., Brixen К., et al.
Geographical variation in DXA Bone mineral
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Vol. 43. №2. -P. 332-339. "
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stage implant surgery // J Dent. (Shiraz). - 2017.
- Vol. 18. № 4.-P. 272-276.
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УДК:616-003.231: [613.471 -612.474.16]:616.152.11
EFFECT OF POOL WATER ON THE PH OF SALIVAIN CHILDREN
Razakova N.B., Abdirimova G.I., Kodirova M.N
Tashkent State Dental Institute
РЕЗЮМЕ
Цель исследования.
Механизм влияния воды
бассейна на pH слюны.
Материалы и методы.
Было проведено иссле
дование pH ротовой полости до визитабассейна
и немедленно после занятий плаванием у 70 детей
в возрасте от 6 до 15 лет (34 девочки, 36 маль
чиков) с использованием лакмусовой бумаги (pH
тест) от 1.0 до
Исследование осуществлялось в 2 этапа - в пер
вый день pH воды в бассейне составляло 7,4, был
проведен анализ показателя pH у 59 детей (15 де
вочек, 44 мальчика); во второй день - pH 6,6, уча
стие приняли 70 детей (34 девочки, 36 мальчиков).
Занятия в бассейне продолжались в течение 1,5
часов.
Результаты.
При исследовании в первый день
pH в бассейне составлял 7,4 (слабощелочная сре
да). При данном у 4 детей (6%) pH осталось на
прежнем уровне, у 55 детей (94%) показатель pH
отклонился в щелочную сторону. Максимальное
изменение pH слюны - 0,9. При осуществлении
оценки pH ротовой полости у детей во 2 день pH
в бассейне составлял 6,6 - слабокислая среда. При
данному 11 детей (13%) pH осталось на прежнем
уровне, у 3 детей (4%) pH отклонилось в щелоч
ную сторону, у 56 (83%) - pH отклонилось в кис
лую сторону. Не изменилось pH слюны ротовой
полости при pH 7,4 у 6%
детей, а при pH 6,6 - у
13 %.
Вывод.
Ребенку, долгое время пребывающему в
бассейне, нужна защита в виде профилактиче
ских мер, которые направлены на предупрежде-
ниепоявления кариеса, эрозий и зубного камня.
RESUME
Purpose of research. How pool water affects the pH
of oral saliva.
Materials and methods. A
study of oral pH before
swimming and immediately after swimming was
conducted in 70 kids aged from 6 to 15 years (by
of these ,34 are girls, 36 are boys) use litmus paper
(pH test) from 1.0 to 14.0.The study was conducted
in second stages - on the first day, the pH there was
49
ПРОБЛЕМНЫЕ СТАТЬИ ИОБЗОРЫ
water in the pool
7.
4, the pH level was assessed in
59 kids (by of these 15 are girls, 44 are boys); on the
second day the pH was 6.6, 70 kids (by of these 34
are girls, 36 are boys) took part. Lessons in the pool
lasted one and half hours.
Results.
During lesson on
the first day, the pH in the pool water was 7.4 (slightly
alkaline medium). In 4 kids (6%), the pH remained
at the same level, and in 55 kids (94%), the pH level
deviated to the alkaline side. The maximum change in
the pH of saliva to 0.9. When assessing the pH of the
oral cavity in kids on day 2, the pH in the pool water
was 6.6-slightly acidic environment. In 11 kids (13%),
the pH remained at the same level, in 3 kids (4%), the
pH deviated to the alkaline side, and in 56 (83%), the
pH deviated to the acidic side.
The pH of oral saliva didn't change at pH 7.4 in 6
% of kids , and at pH 6.6-in 13 %. Conclusion. Kids
which stays in the pool water for a long time needs
protection in form of preventive measures aimed at
preventing the occurrence of caries, erosion and tartar.
Key words:
enamel erosion, pH of saliva of the
mouth, swimming.
THE URGENCY OF THE PROBLEM
As far as we know, actually, that athletes engaged
in swimming, not counting osteochondrosis of the
cervical spine, acute otitis media, barotrauma and
other diseases, often have enamel erosion. In this
regard, the mechanism of the effect of pool water on
the pH of the oral saliva has aroused great interest.
The following tasks were established: to find out
whether the pH of the water from the pool affects
the pH of the oral saliva, and if so, to find out how,
and draw conclusions about the need for prevention
and protection against dental pathology in children
spending a long time in the pool, which will
undoubtedly help prevent the spread of occupational
diseases.
In
accordance
with
SanRaR
"Sanitary
rules and regulations for the design, explication and
operation of swimming pools" when chlorination
of water and any method of water treatment, the pH
value (pH) must be maintained within 7.2-7.6, but not
more than 7.8. When the pH value increases, it must be
adjusted by dosing a pH-reducing agent (hydrochloric
or sulfuric acids) into the pool water supply pipeline
after the disinfectant is introduced. But nevertheless,
these requirements are not met in all swimming pools,
and monitoring the maintenance of the required value
of the hydrogen index may be carried out in bad faith,
which leads to fluctuations in the pH of saliva in the
oral cavity of a person engaged in swimming. As a
rule, the acidity of mixed human saliva is 6.8-7.4 pH,
but at high salivation rates it reaches 7.8 pH .Saliva
with low pH values leads to focal demineralization
of tooth enamel, in fact, which in turn leads to the
appearance of erosion of hard tooth tissues and caries.
If the acid-base balance shifts to the acidic side, it
increases the activity of proteinases of both bacterial
and leukocyte origin. Acids accumulate and their
excessive accumulation leads to demineralization.If
the acid- base state changes to the alkaline side, this
contributes to the formation of plaque.Alkalinization
of Saliva leads to an increase in the concentration of
inorganic phosphate (PO4) - which forms an insoluble
calcium phosphate with Ca2+ ions, which gradually
turns into a more stable form of hydroxyapatite, that
is, the process of plaque mineralization begins.
Objective:
to study the effect of pool water on the
pH of oral saliva
Materials and methods: A
study of the pH of the
oral cavity was carried out before visiting the pool
and immediately after swimming in 70 children aged
6 to 15 years (34 girls, 36 boys) using litmus paper
(pH test) from 1.0 to 14.0. One end of the paper is
immersed in the test liquid for 2-3 seconds, after
which the changed color of the paper is compared with
the supplied scale and the values are calculated. The
test strip was immersed in the pool for calculating the
pH of the water and immersed in the oral cavity of the
subjects to study the pH of the oral fluid before and
after swimming.
The study was carried out in 2 stages - on the first
day the pH of the water in the pool was 7.4, the pH
level was assessed in 59 children (15 girls, 44 boys);
on the second day - pH 6.6, 70 children (34 girls, 36
boys) took part. The sessions in the pool lasted for 1.5
hours.
Results and discussion:
During the study on the
first day, the pH in the pool was 7.4 (slightly alkaline
medium) - the indicator was obtained by immersing
litmus paper in water. The results of the study of the
pH of the oral fluid of children were distributed as
follows:
• pH before entering the swimming pool: 6.80± 0.30
• pH after swimming: 7.5±0.4
At the same time, in 4 children (6%) the pH remained
at the same level, in 55 children (94%) the pH level
deviated to the alkaline side. Themaximumchangein
saliva His 0.9.
When assessing the pH of the oral cavity in children
on day 2, the pH in the pool was 6.6 - a weakly acidic
environment (the indicator was obtained by immersing
litmus paper in water), the results of the study were
distributed as follows:
• pH before entering the swimming pool: 7,2±0,3
• pH after swimming: 6,65±0,65
At the same time, in 11 children (13%) the pH
remained at the same level, in 3 children (4%) the
pH deviated to the alkaline side, in 56 (83%) - the pH
deviated to the acidic side.
The maximum change in the pH of the oral saliva
is 0.9.
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ПРОБЛЕМНЫЕ СТАТЬИ ИОБЗОРЫ
So, we see that the water in the pool affects the pH
of the oral cavity in children, therefore, if the child
often stays in the pool, this can lead to pathologies in
the oral cavity.
In this case, the influence of a weakly acidic medium
is less than the influence of a weakly alkaline one. The
pH of oral saliva did not change at pH 7.4 in 6% of
children, and at pH 6.6 - in 13%. Interestingly, in a
weakly acidic environment, a change to the alkaline
side was also observed. Presumably, this is due to the
absence of objective data on the examination of the
child and the history of life in this research work.
A child who stays in the pool for a long time needs
protection in the form of preventive measures aimed
at preventing the occurrence of caries, erosion and
plaque.
Presumably,
the
following
measures
will
be
effective:
• Remineralizing therapy (R. О. C. S. medical
minerals gel, Remars gel).
• Flouride applications to prevent concomitant caries
and to strengthen the crystal lattice ofhydroxyapatite
at home every day, possibly constantly, but always
regularly
("Fluoride
lacquer’,
1-2%
sodium
fluoride solutions).
• If there is a risk of erosion, limit the use of certain
foods
(exclude
citrus
fruits,
berries,
sweets,
carbonated drinks, freshly squeezed juices with
vitamin C, canned foods). Include protein in the
diet to strengthen the enamel protein matrix and
collagen fibers. Choose products (pastes containing
organic calcium, with hydroxyapatite) and hygiene
items (correction of the stiffhess and structure of
the brush bristles, exclude the use of toothpicks),
and also teach the correct method of brushing your
teeth (vertical movements).
•
When the alkaline effect of the pH level
predominates, it is recommended to pay special
attention to the need for professional oral hygiene
to clean the surface of the teeth from plaque. Also,
the attention of the dentist and the patient should
be drawn to the condition of the gums in order to
prevent or begin treatment of emerging gingivitis
and periodontitis in time.
CONCLUSION:
• The presence of a child in the pool affects the pH of
the oral cavity in most cases(91%).
• The pH of the oral cavity changes in accordance
with the pH of the pool water. In a weakly alkaline
medium, deviations in pH are observed in the
alkaline direction, in a weakly acidic medium, in
most cases (83%), in the acidic one.
• Changes in the pH to the acidic side can provoke
a caries situation in the oral cavity, as well as
the occurrence of enamel erosion. A child who is
engaged in sports swimming, and therefore spends
a lot of time in the pool, is subject to constant
changes in the pH of the oral cavity, which increases
the risk of pathological changes in the structure of
the enamel. Changes in the pH to the alkaline side,
in turn, can provoke the appearance of plaque, and,
consequently, gum pathologies.
• With regular visits to the pool, it becomes necessary
to monitor the pH level of the pool water and take
preventive measures.
REFERENCES /ЛИТЕРАТУРА
1.
Walter A. Bretz.. Parameters of Competitive
Swimmers at Gas-Chlorinated SwimmingPools.
/ Walter A. Bretz, Marcela R. Carrilho Salivary //
Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 2013 -12.
c. 207-208
2.
Zebrauskas A. Prevalence of Dental Erosion among
the Young Regular Swimmers in Kaunas, Lithuania /
Zebrauskas A., Birskute R. Maciulskiene
I.
J Oral
Maxillofac Res, 2014 Apr-Jun; 5(2): e 6
3.
VolozhinA.1. Pathophysiology VolumeII. ll./Volozhin
A.I., Poryadin G.V. /7M.: Publishing Center “Acad
emy”, 2006. - 256p. (Воложии А.И. Патофизио
логия Том II. II. Волошин .4.11.. Порядин ГВ./М.:
Издательский центр “Академия ”, 2006. - 256 с.)
4.
SanPiN RUz No. 0306-12. Sanitary rules and reg
ulations for the design, construction and operation
of swimming pools. Tashkent - 2012 (СанПиН РУз
№0306-12. Санитарные правила и нормы по про
ектированию, устройству и эксплуатации пла
вательных бассейнов. Ташкент - 2012 г).
5.
Grebennikov YA., Dental status of an athlete ofwater
sports / Grebennikov YA., Golberg N.D. FGBU St.
Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Physical
Culture. Innovative technologies in the system of
sports training - SPb, FGBU SPbNIIFK, 2017. - p.
114-118 (ГребенниковЮ.А., Стоматологический
статус спортсмена водных видов спорта/Гре-
бенников Ю.А., Голъберг Н.Д.ФГБУ Санкт- Пе
тербургский научно исследовательский инсти
тут физической культуры. // Инновационные
технологии в системе спортивной подготовки
- СПб, ФГБУ СПбНИИФК, 2017. - с. 114-118)
6.
Kuzmina Е.М. Prevention of dental diseases.
Tutorial. -M.: “Tonga-Print”, 2001. -216p.
7. Кузьмина Э.М. Профилактика стоматологиче
ских заболевании. Учебное пособие. - М..Тонга-
Принт, 2001. -216 с.)
8. Rogozhkin G. I. “Cleaning and disinfection of water
in swimming pools” Plumbing. 4.2003. -p. 4-9. (Ро
гожкин Г. И. «Очистка и обеззараживание воды
в бассейнах» Сантехника. 4.2003. - с. 4-9.)
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ПРОБЛЕМНЫЕ СТАТЬИ ИОБЗОРЫ
9. Therapeutic dentistry!: Textbook for medical students/
Ed. by E. V. Borovsky>. - M.: «Medical information
Agency», 2003. - 840 p. (Tграпевтическая стома
тология: Учебник для студентов медицинских
вузов Под ред. Е. В. Боровского. —М.: «Медицин
ское информационное агентство», 2003. - 840 с.)
10. Tomashevskaya I. Р. disinfection of water with hal
ogens. / Tomashevskaya I. P, Potapenko N. G„ Ko-
sinova V. N. / / Chemistry> and technology> of water.
- 1994. - vol. 16, vol. 3, 316-322. (Томашевская
И.П. Обеззараживание воды галогенами. /Тома
шевская И.П., Потапенко НЕ, Косинова В.П.
Химия и технология воды. — 1994. — т. 16, выи.
3, 316-322.)
11. Zebrauskas A. Prevalence of Dental Erosion among
the Young Regular Swimmers in Kaunas, Lithuania /
Zebrauskas A., Birskute R, Maciulskiene Г. J Oral
Maxillofac Res, 2014 Apr-Jun: 5(2): e 6
УДК: 616.71 007.235]- 615.461
СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ БИОМАТЕРИАЛОВ,
ПРЕДНАЗНАЧЕННЫХ ДЛЯ ОСТЕОЗАМЕЩЕНИЯ
Н.Л. Хабилов, Н.С. Зиядуллаева, Д.Н. Хабилов, Б.Т. Буронов
Ташкентский государственный стомстютгический институт
ABSTRACT
Atrophy and resorption of bone tissue is an urgent
problem of modem surgical dentistry, because the
lack of bone tissue is the most common problem in the
practice of dentists. The aim of the study was to study
the available osteoplastic materials. The study proved
the need for further research and development of new
osteoplastic materials.
РЕЗЮМЕ
Появление остеопластических материалов и но
вых методов костной регенерации не только реша
ет проблему восстановления объема и плотности
челюстных костей, но и значительно улучшает ре
зультаты имплантации.
Цель исследования:
провести поиск и разра
ботку новых отечественных остеопластических
материалов.
Результаты
определения
острой
токсичности
дают возможность считать отечественный пасто
образный
композиционный
материал,
относя
щийся к группе почти нетоксичных материалов,
определяемых
токсичность
материалов
согласно
международной классификации.
Атрофия и резорбция костной ткани является
проблемой, которая для современной хирургиче
ской стоматологии актульна, т.к недостаток кост
ной ткани наиболее часто встречающаяся пробле
ма в практике стоматологов. Целью исследования
явилось изучение имеющихся остеопластических
материалов.
Исследование
доказало
необходи
мость дальнейшего изучения и разработки новых
остеопластичесих материалов.
Ключевые слова:
остеоиндукция, атрофия ко
сти, биодеградация, резорбция.
Разработка искусственных биоматериалов, ими
тирующих состав и свойства натуральной кости и
предназначенные для замены повреждённых или
утраченных частей тела, человека является одним
из основных направлений имплантационной меди
цины. Биоматериалами называют искусственные
материалы, предназначенные для замены повреж
дённых или утраченных частей тела человека, ко
торые надёжно и физиологично функционируют
во взаимодействии с тканями и органами живого
организма.
Биоматериалы
образуют
химические
связи с живыми тканями, что называется биосо
вместимостью. Результатом химической реакции
является образование слоя биологического апатита
(гидроксикарбонатапатит
СаЮ-х(РО4)6-х(ОН)2-
у(СОЗ)х/2+у/2) на поверхности биоматериала, что
предопределяет его надежную фиксацию в окру
жающих тканях [2,9,10,13,17].
Травмы челюстно-лицевой области, патологии
периодонта, кисты в области корней зубов, при
проведении зубной имплантации зависят часто от
нарушения регенерации костной ткани, тканевой
микроциркуляции крови в связи с тем, что раны
инфицированы, при этом возникает гипоксия тка
ней и изменения реактивности всего организма от
сенсибилизации и возникших очагов инфекции в
хрониче ской форме.
Успех восстановительного хирургического лече
ния при травмах челюстно-лицевой области, забо
леваниях пародонта, околокорневых кистах челю
стей, дентальной имплантации во многом зависит
от процессов регенерации костной ткани, которые
протекают зачастую в условиях инфицированной
раны, на фоне нарушенной микроциркуляции кро
ви, гипоксии тканей, а также измененной общей
реактивности
организма
ввиду
наличия
очагов
хронической инфекции и сенсибилизации. Обра
зование слоя биоактивного апатита на поверхно
сти имплантата, являясь необходимым условием
прямого срастания искусственных имплантатов и
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