МЕДИЦИНА, ПЕДАГОГИКА И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ:
ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА
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Modern interpretation of psychodiagnostics and psychocorrection of
extreme situations
To`ymurodov Abdurahmon
Osiyo Xalqaro Universiteti
Pedagogika va psixologiya
kafedrasi o`qituvchisi
+998912447213
Abdurahmontuymuradov@gmail.com
Abstract:
This article classifies the general mechanisms of providing
qualified psychological services to military personnel who are in need of
psychological help as a result of various social factors. Providing psychological
support to military personnel who are under mental stress at work, the process of
understanding the events after the effects of the stressful situation have ended, and
various methods of providing them with psychological support are explained. The
article provides an overview of approaches, theories, and controversial issues and
problems related to psychological care. The concept of mental exhaustion is
revealed in connection with semantic concepts such as trauma, stress, loss, transit.
Key words:
trauma, stress, motive, professional deformation, affective
situation, military regulations.
Psychodiagnostics in extreme situations has its own characteristics. In such
circumstances, due to time constraints, standard diagnostic procedures cannot be
used. Actions, including actions of a practical psychologist, are determined by an
emergency plan.
Traditional methods of psychological influence are not used in many
extreme situations. All this depends on the goals of psychological influence in
extreme situations: in one case, you should support, help; in others, for example,
rumors, panic should be stopped; negotiate in the third.
The main principles of providing assistance to people who have suffered
mental injuries as a result of extreme situations:
• urgency;
• proximity to the place of events;
МЕДИЦИНА, ПЕДАГОГИКА И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ:
ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА
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Том 2, Выпуск 9, 30 Сентябрь
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• waiting for the normal situation to be restored;
• unity and simplicity of psychological effect.
Urgency means that the victim should be helped as soon as possible: the
more time passes from the moment of injury, the higher the probability of
developing chronic diseases, including post-traumatic stress disorder.
The meaning of the proximity principle is to provide care in a familiar and
social environment, as well as to minimize the negative consequences of
"hospitalization".
Waiting for normalcy to return: A person who has experienced a stressful
situation should be treated as a normal person, not as a patient. Hope it will return
to normal soon.
The unity of the psychological effect means that its source must be the same
person or the procedure for providing psychological assistance must be unified.
Simplicity of the psychological effect - the victim should be removed from
the injured area, food, rest, a safe environment and the opportunity to listen should
be provided.
In general, the emergency psychological care service performs the
following main functions:
- practical: providing direct urgent psychological and (if necessary) pre-
medical medical care to the population;
- coordination: ensuring communication and interaction with specialized
psychological services.
The situation of a psychologist working in extreme conditions differs from
the usual therapeutic situation in at least the following aspects.
• Work with groups. It is often necessary to work with groups of victims,
and these groups are not artificially created by a psychologist (psychotherapist)
based on the needs of the psychotherapeutic process, they are created by life itself
due to the dramatic situation of the disaster.
МЕДИЦИНА, ПЕДАГОГИКА И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ:
ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА
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455
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• Patients are often in an acute affective state. Sometimes you have to work
when the victims are still under the influence of a traumatic situation, which is
completely unusual for ordinary psychotherapeutic work.
• The social and educational level of many victims is often low. Among the
victims, you can find many people who, due to their social and educational status,
will never find themselves in a psychotherapist's office in their lives.
• Heterogeneity of psychopathology among victims. In addition to
traumatic stress, victims of violence often suffer from neuroses, psychoses,
personality disorders and, most importantly, a number of problems caused by the
disaster itself or another traumatic situation for professionals working with
victims . This means, for example, lack of means of living, lack of work, etc.
• The presence of a sense of loss in almost all patients, because victims
often lose loved ones, friends, favorite places to live and work, etc., which creates
a nosological picture of traumatic stress, especially the depressive component of
this syndrome. .
• Difference between post-traumatic psychopathology and neurotic
pathology. It can be said that the psychopathological mechanism of traumatic
stress is fundamentally different from the pathological mechanisms of neurosis.
Thus, it is necessary to develop strategies for working with victims, which cover
both cases of "pure" traumatic stress and the complex interaction of traumatic
stress with other pathogenic factors of internal or external origin.
The goals and tasks of emergency psychological care include prevention of
acute panic reactions, psychogenic neuropsychic diseases; increase the
adaptability of a person; Psychotherapy for emerging borderline neuropsychiatric
disorders. Providing urgent psychological assistance to the population should be
based on the principle of intervention in the superficial layers of consciousness,
that is, work with symptoms, not syndromes.
Psychotherapy and psychoprophylaxis are carried out in two directions.
First with a healthy part of the population - in the form of prevention:
a) acute panic reactions;
b) delayed, "retarded" neuropsychic diseases.
МЕДИЦИНА, ПЕДАГОГИКА И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ:
ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА
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and psychoprophylaxis of persons
with advanced neuropsychic diseases. The technical difficulties of conducting
rescue operations in emergency zones can result in victims being completely
isolated from the outside world for long periods of time. In this case,
psychotherapeutic help is recommended in the form of urgent "information
therapy", the purpose of which is to psychologically support the vitality of people
who are alive, but completely isolated from the outside world (earthquakes,
destruction of houses). the result of accidents, explosions, etc.).
The purpose of "information therapy" is to reduce the feeling of fear among
the victims, because it is known that in crisis situations, more people die from fear
than from the impact of a real fatal factor. After the victims are freed from the
rubble of the buildings, it is necessary to continue psychotherapy (and primarily
amnesia therapy) in an inpatient setting.
Another group of people
to whom psychotherapy is applied are the relatives
of the dead and the living.
We use all psychotherapeutic measures for them:
• behavioral techniques and methods aimed at eliminating psycho-
emotional agitation, anxiety and panic reactions;
• existential methods and techniques aimed at accepting the state of loss,
eliminating mental pain and searching for mental and psychological opportunities.
for whom psychotherapy is used
area are rescuers. The main problem in such situations is psychological stress. It
is this situation that has a significant impact on the demands placed on emergency
services professionals. The specialist should have the ability to quickly identify
symptoms of psychological problems in himself and colleagues, have empathic
skills, be able to organize and conduct training on psychological relaxation, stress
relief and emotional tension need Acquiring psychological self-help and mutual
support skills in crisis and extreme situations is of great importance not only for
preventing psychological injuries, but also for increasing stress resistance and
readiness for rapid response in emergency situations.
First aid rules for psychologists:
1. In a crisis situation, the victim is always in a state of mental agitation.
This is normal. The optimal level of arousal is moderate. Tell the patient
МЕДИЦИНА, ПЕДАГОГИКА И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ:
ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА
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immediately what you expect from the therapy and how long it will take to solve
the problem. Hoping for success is better than fearing failure.
2. Do not take immediate action. Look around and determine what kind of
help (besides psychological) is needed, which of the victims needs help the most.
Allow about 30 seconds for one victim, about five minutes for multiple victims.
3. Be clear about who you are and what functions you perform. Find out
the names of those who need help. Tell the victim that help is coming soon and
that you care.
4. Carefully make skin-to-skin contact with the victim. Take the victim's
hand or tap him on the shoulder. It is not recommended to touch the head or other
parts of the div. Take a position at the same level as the victim. Do not turn your
back on the victim.
5. Never blame the victim. Tell him what steps to take to help him in his
work.
6. Professional competence creates confidence. Tell us about your
qualifications and experience.
7. Give the victim confidence in his own authority. Give him a task he can
do. Use it to give the victim a sense of self-control.
8. Let the victim talk. Listen to him actively, pay attention to his feelings
and thoughts. Repeat something positive.
9. Tell the victim that you will stay with him. During the separation, find a
substitute and show him what to do with the victim.
10. Involve people close to the victim to help. Guide them and give them
simple tasks. Avoid any words that make someone feel guilty.
11. Try to protect the victim from unnecessary attention and questions. Give
specific tasks that are interesting.
12. Stress can also have a negative effect on the psychologist. It makes
sense to relieve the tension that occurs during such work with the help of
relaxation exercises and professional supervision. Facilitation groups should be
led by a professionally trained moderator.
МЕДИЦИНА, ПЕДАГОГИКА И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ:
ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА
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SJIF 2024 = 5.444
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In most cases, another classification of the next stages or stages of the
dynamics of the condition of people after traumatic situations is proposed:
1. "
Acute emotional shock."
It develops after a state of torpor and lasts from
3 to 5 hours; general mental tension, excessive mobilization of
psychophysiological reserves, increased perception and speed of thought
processes, manifestation of reckless courage (especially in saving loved ones),
while simultaneously reducing the critical assessment of the situation, but
maintaining the ability to act purposefully is described. The emotional state during
this period is dominated by a feeling of depression, accompanied by dizziness and
headache, palpitations, dry mouth, thirst and difficulty breathing. Up to 30% of
those examined, with a subjective assessment of the deterioration of their
condition, simultaneously note an increase in performance by 1.5-2 times or more.
2. "
Psychophysiological demobilization
." It lasts up to three days. For most
of the respondents, the beginning of this stage is associated with the first contacts
with the bodies of the injured and the dead, understanding the scale of the tragedy
("awareness stress"). It is characterized by feelings of confusion, panic reactions
(often of an irrational nature), a decrease in morally normative behavior, a
decrease in the efficiency of activities, well-being and a sharp deterioration of the
psycho-emotional state. and to him some changes in motivation, depressive
tendencies, attention and memory functions (as a rule, the examined could not
remember exactly what they did on those days). Most of the respondents at this
stage complain about nausea, "heaviness" in the head, discomfort in the
gastrointestinal tract and decreased (or even absent) appetite. The same period
also saw the first refusal to carry out rescue and "cleaning" operations (especially
related to the removal of the bodies of the dead), a significant number of wrong
actions in the management of motor vehicles and special equipment. includes an
increase. from emergencies.
3. "
Resolution phase
" - 3-12 days after the disaster. According to subjective
assessment, mood and well-being gradually stabilize. However, according to the
results of observations, in most of the examined, a decrease in emotional state,
limited contact with others, hypomia (face like a mask), a decrease in intonation
color of speech and slowness of movements remained. By the end of this period,
there is a desire to "speak" which is carried out selectively, directed primarily at
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ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА
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persons who have not witnessed the natural disaster and who are accompanied by
some kind of excitement.
At the same time, dreams appear that were not present in the previous two
stages, including disturbing and nightmares, which reflect the impressions of
tragic events in different ways.
Against the background of subjective signs of a slight improvement in the
condition, a further decrease in physiological reserves (for example,
hyperactivation) is objectively noted. Incidents of redundancy are on the rise.
Average indicators of physical strength and performance (compared to normative
data for the studied age group) decrease by 30%, and hand dynamometry by 50%
(in some cases up to 10-20 kg) . Average mental activity decreases by 30% and
symptoms of pyramidal interhemispheric asymmetry syndrome appear.
4. "
Recovery phase."
It begins about the 12th day after the disaster and is
most clearly manifested in behavioral reactions: interpersonal communication is
activated, the emotional color of speech and facial reactions begin to normalize,
jokes that cause an emotional reaction for the first time after the disaster. it can be
noted from others, simple dreams are restored. Taking into account foreign
experience, it is possible to predict the development of various psychosomatic
diseases associated with disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular,
immune and endocrine systems in people who are the source of a natural disaster.
Another classification distinguishes three stages:
1. Pre-exposure, which involves feelings of threat and anxiety. This stage
is usually found in earthquake-prone areas and areas where hurricanes and floods
are frequent; Often the threat is ignored or unacknowledged.
2. The impact phase lasts from the beginning of the natural disaster to the
time when rescue operations are organized. Fear reigns in this period. The
increase in activity, the manifestation of self-help and mutual support immediately
after the end of the effect, is often called the "heroic phase". Panic action almost
never happens, except if escape routes are blocked.
3. The post-impact phase, which begins a few days after the disaster, is
characterized by the continuation of rescue operations and the assessment of the
problems encountered. New problems related to social disorder, evacuation,
МЕДИЦИНА, ПЕДАГОГИКА И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ:
ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА
Researchbib Impact factor: 11.79/2023
SJIF 2024 = 5.444
Том 2, Выпуск 9, 30 Сентябрь
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https://universalpublishings.com
family separation, etc. allow a number of authors to consider this period as "the
second natural disaster".
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