XXI CENTURY RENAISSANCE IN THE PARADIGM OF SCIENCE,
EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGY INNOVATIONS
264
REDUCTION AS THE WAY OF THE LANGUAGE ECONOMY
MANIFESTATION
Xabibullayev R.
Nukus, Uzbekistan
3
rd
year Sudent, Berdakh KSU
Utepov
O.N.
Nukus, Uzbekistan
Scientific advisor, Teacher, Berdakh KSU
The department of English language and Literature
Abstract:
The history of language economy has a long tradition. It has been addressed by
various thinkers, starting with Aristotle. Systematic study of the principle of economy in
language should be associated with research in the field of phonetics and, above all, with
the names of such linguists as H.Sweet, P.Passy, V.Whitney, who indicated the presence
of two opposite trends in the language: the tendency to facilitate pronunciation and its
opposite — the tendency to redundancy.
Keywords:
The principle of economy, qualitative reduction, tendency to redundancy,
cognitive categories, linguistic compression, loss of aspiration.
Introduction:
Language is a dynamic and constantly evolving system that is characterized by
variability and dynamism. At the same time, we should not ignore the unevenness in the
historical development of individual language levels. the non-uniformity and
heterogeneity of changes occurring in the which are caused by the action of both external
and internal factors [3, 42]. One of these internal factors that contribute to the
development and improvement of the language is the tendency to save language
resources, which according to many linguists, is universal and affects all levels of the
language system [9: 7: 4]. The history of language economy has a long tradition.
It has been addressed by various thinkers, starting with Aristotle. Systematic study
of the principle of economy in language should be associated with research in the field of
phonetics and. above all, with the names of such linguists as TI. Sweet, P.Passy.
V.Whitney, who indicated the presence of two opposite trends in the language: the
tendency to facilitate pronunciation and its opposite — the tendency to redundancy [10.
11: 12].
An ellipsis is usually understood as sentences where there is no subject or
predicate, but they can be restored from the context of the dialogue. Please note that
missing words, distorting the perception of speech, is called speech failure, and it is in
acceptable even in colloquial speech. And the ellipsis is acceptable. Moreover, it is he
who signals that the person who communicates with us is relaxed and in a friendly
attitude towards us. Agree, we do not think about how to talk with friends, and we do not
select the clearest expressions when communicating with loved ones: we know thot they
will understand us.
Let’s take a simple example. You can probably remember how at school you were
scolded for giving not a detailed, bet a short answer to the teacher’s question: just «Yes”
XXI CENTURY RENAISSANCE IN THE PARADIGM OF SCIENCE,
EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGY INNOVATIONS
265
or “Ok” instead of “Yes, I not”. In real life, a native speaker would answer quickly and
concisely, and a foreigner would start building sentences according to all the rules. In
order to be «your own» among English- speaking people, you need to figure out how and
in what cases you can use the ellipsis, and to establish yourself in the idea that sometimes
it is possible and even necessary to deviate from school rules.
Many fixed expressions in English are built precisely on the ellipsis: See you later.
Good to see you, anything the matter. The matter of fact, and many others. Let’s see in
which cases we ourselves can admit an ellipsis in speech, and to the recipient due to its
information content and expressiveness. Efficiency is expressed in accelerated decoding
of information due to ironically fixed stylistic decline. iconic fixation of certain meanings
for initial sound combinations, coding of a number of aspects of information at a time
but level units. Replication belongs to such methods of word formation. In this article,
replication means phono-morphological way of forming a new word in combination with
a pronounced stylistic connotation. When edition has the function of modifying the
meaning of word components. Often. the external form of a reduplicative is fundamental.
since for many reduplicative formations (so-called unmotivated reduplicative) it is the
only carrier of meaning. From this point of blew, redundancy the outer shell seems to be
a necessity. As I. R. Halperin emphasized, “the form plays an essential role in the
assessment of the content itself: it is she who often helps to reveal those features of the
described phenomenon that previously remained unnoticed” [3. P. 30]. The complex
structure of the reduplicative form suggests more capacious, complex content in
comparison with simply, while explaining a complex unit requires «a more detailed
semantic representation» [7.5.426]. Such a complex form allows reduplicative to carry a
greater amount of basic and additional (coding information about age. gender, profession,
emotional and evaluative load) information in comparison with simple lexical units.
Thus, the preference of a reduplicative in terms of Effort saving is determined by
the following parameters:
1. Low frequency:
2. The iconic fixation of the idea (collectiveness, diminutive-intensity.
intensification of the hurt .’’ expressiveness).
3. Axiological (fixation of assessment, most often denial div):
4. The presence of additional information (age of the speaker, gender, age of the
recipient in the process of the act of communication, professional, national interests and
social status of the speaker or recipient etc.)
Some linguists consider ellipsis to be a degradation of the language, the
description of traditional grammar rules. a denial of standards right and among. linguistic
deformation that can lead to a complete misunderstanding among English speakers [2:
34].
However, the version that interprets the emergence and spread of elliptical
structures seems to be mon reasonable. This is due to the tendency of saving linguistic
means, which is one of the laws of language development. conditioned by the desire of a
person to improve linguistic towns with a minimum expenditure of mental rind physical
energy for communication [3: 10]. Elliptical structures often have a fairly simple
structure, however, they have a high degree of information capacity. These factors and
XXI CENTURY RENAISSANCE IN THE PARADIGM OF SCIENCE,
EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGY INNOVATIONS
266
contribute to their communicative prevalence, which, in trim, is due to the
communicative-pragmatic tasks of expression.
It is colloquial speech. with its characteristic ease and informality, that is a fruitful
field for the emergence of incomplete statements.
Thus, an ellipsis is a gap in speech or text of an implied linguistic unit and
structural incompleteness of the constriction [4: 67]. In addition, it is customary to
distinguish between syntactic ellipsis (omission of one or another member of a sentence
that can be easily reconstructed from context) and semantic ellipsis (the absence of a
component of an utterance thot can be easily recovered from a speech situation).
In a statement with the meaning of a condition, an ellipsis is used in avoidance of
duplication. In this case. the ellipsis replenished from context is linguistically
conditioned. In fact, an ellipsis is a translation into an implication of a structurally
necessary element of a statement. i.e. formed based on the transformation of a complete
statement, the essence of which consists in lacing the explicit version of a word or words
with a zero variant of the some words. Only the speech implementation of the model can
be incomplete, i.e. verbal composition of the message. In other words, the concept of
incompleteness applies only to the speech level. when the speaker can adapt the model to
fit the situation. Thus, an incomplete statement is a statement with a broken component
composition. True, one should not confuse the concept of the completeness of the verbal
composition with the concept of the semantic completeness of the utterance. since an
utterance of any kind under certain conditions of the context is complete semantic unit,
otherwise it could not fulfill its communicative function. The semantic completeness of
an elliptical statement necessarily presupposes contact between communications.
Naturally, that the dependence of an incomplete sentence on an extra-linguistic factor is
incomparably greater than that of a complete proposal. The intra-linguistic factor
(context) is variable. Large or less dependence of an elliptical statement on context is
associated with a different possibility of filling it op to a formally complete version.
Ellipsis as a syntactic process associated with an element that is not explicitly
expressed in the structure of a structure is based on the existence of a mandatory
environment. It is the obligatory distributive relationship between two or more elements
that makes it possible to omit any of them. The directionality of the persistent element
allows the speaker to omit the element that is object of direction, and the listener - to
restore it. Ellipsis differs firm any «erasure» of elements by its reciprocity.
Martine initiated the study of economy in the field of phonology, expanding the
scope of this principle and giving economy a universal character, considering it the
cause of phonetic changes (5, 58-62). In modern linguistics, there are two approaches to
understanding the principle of economy: broad (any phenomenon in synchrony and
diachrony that leads to the disappearance of new forms to the improvement of language
as a means of communication) and narrow (quantitative, based on the ability of language
means, thot is. replacing them with more economical units).Conversational speech is the
main area of implementation of language economy.
Methods
. The principle of economy in language and speech is universal. due to its
penetration into all levels of economy on the phonetic level (the contraction and omission
of phonemes). the lexical (substitution of single word phrases, shortening of words,
merge the words into one lexical unit), on morphological (the use of synthetic towns is
XXI CENTURY RENAISSANCE IN THE PARADIGM OF SCIENCE,
EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGY INNOVATIONS
267
9
analytical: the conversion of nouns, adjectives, and participles: the omission or reduction
affixes) and syntactic levels (using elliptical sentences).
Despite the variety of names, the essence of language economy is as follows:
language economy is a on the category inherent in all languages of the world,
characterized by the desire to save energy, avoid excessive expenditure of physiological
and psychological effort when using speech and manifests itself at all levels of the
language system. The principle of economy is expressed in the creation and perception of
language elements with minimal effort and can be considered one of the reasons for
language changes (2. 77).Under linguistic economy, as a rule, we understand the desire
to minimize the mental, speech (mentally physical) activity of the speaker. (6, 103)
Results
. The phenomenon in which a certain amount of information is transmitted
using a minimum number of language tools is characterized as a problem of contraction.
Compression, compactness. and reduction. In this article, this concept is denoted by the
principle of linguistic compression. which is a special case in the manifestation of
language economy in an incomplete type of spoken speech.
Linguistic compression is one of the cases of manifestation of the principle of
language economy, which acts on the diachronic and diachronic level of language in an
incomplete type of spoken speech. Compression covers all levels of the language system
(grammatical. lexical, phonetic) and is manifested in the use of more compressed
(condensed) speech units. which are compared with units of the fill type of speech. which
contain the full amount of information. Linguistic compression is necessary to improve
the language as a means of communication (8, 77).
The phenomenon of language compression is the development of super-segmental
relations. Both in terms of content and in terms of language sign expression. Language
compression as a universal, its ontology and functions are almost not studied. [2, 113]
Discussion
. It is believed that the human mind has a unique technique of mental
perception of information. This psycho technics regulates the understanding of
information at all levels of the language, which comes from the environment in a
«compressed» form. Understanding information also occurs at the phonemic level of the
language, since the phoneme has a social aspect and performs the functions of
distinguishing significant units of speech. However, it does not have its one meaning, and
is implemented in one of the sounds of the morpheme. The fact that the number of
phonemes is limited (if there is a natural personal differentiation associated with the
physiological characteristics of the speaker), allows for the unification of sounds to the
extent of their full understanding. Thus, any phoneme of the language can be described
as phonometer.
At the second level of the language, word-forming and town-forming morphemes
are combined. These morphemes in the language are also limited, that is why dining the
formation of entirely new word forms or words the language user can understand and
even «feel» the semantics of these entities and. ultimately, to reduce language to a limited
number of morphemes.
In various spheres, compression has a specific character that is peculiar only to
this circle, which reflects the stylistic
in the language (with certain features and niles
of use). Since the natural need of a person is his need for communication, it is natural for
him to strive to save language resources.
XXI CENTURY RENAISSANCE IN THE PARADIGM OF SCIENCE,
EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGY INNOVATIONS
268
Another example of sound modification in speech is reduction, which results in
weakening and changing the sound of unstressed syllables. Reduction is the historical
process of weakening and disappearing vowel sounds.
It is believed that the inertia of the speech tract is the sis in factor in the presence
of vowel reduction. The vowel reduction occurs in the weak positions of prosodic or
morphological, in particular, unstressed syllables and affixes.
Reduction of English vowel sounds is a change in sounds, the cause of which is
their unstressed position in relation to other sounds. i.e., any unstressed vowel sound can
be reduced in one way or another. In English, there is a reduction of only vowel sounds.
in Uzbek both vowels and consonants.
In unstressed syllables, vowels are reduced. Meaning that long vowel sounds are
shortened, and short vowels can be replaced with the sound [a]. There is a quantitative
and qualitative reduction [a: — a — a].
In addition to non-elementary syllables, this phonetic phenomenon is usually used
in auxiliary words such as pronouns, auxiliary verbs, modal verbs, and in non-
elementary positions. For example:
Beautiful
[bju :tefl) ]-
we must do it at once
[wi: mast ‘du: it at ‘wлns].
Now let’s look at the cases with aspiration. In the permissive position, the
consonants [p, t, k] are pronounced with aspiration. For example: pie [‘pai].
As for the loss of assumption, it should be noted that in the percussive position, the
consonants [p, t, k] in the combinations [s + p, s + t, s + k] are pronounced without
assumption. For example: start [‘sta:t]
In English, as in Uzbek, only to an even greater extent, the pronunciation of a
vowel sound in a stressed syllable differs strongly and distinctly, and in an unstressed
syllable – weakly, with the loss of sound characteristics (qualitative reduction),
sometimes with a reduction in its longitude (quantitative reduction). The dual stage of
sound reduction is its complete loss firm the spoken word (zero reduction). Cf. OE. stint
[sta:ne] - ME stone [stone] - ModE stone [stoun].
The process of qualitative reduction of vowels in an unstressed syllable led to the
emergence of a neutral sound, which replaced all other vowel sounds, except the
phoneme [i].
As a result of reduction. most English auxiliary words have forms of
pronunciation: full (stressed) and reduced (both forms an i resented in transcriptions of
English dictionaries).
Full forms are used in the permissive position, and reduced forms are used in the
unstressed position. This applies primarily to all auxiliary words - articles, link and modal
verbs, conjunctions and prepositions. As well as often to personal and possessive
pronouns, and adverbs. In the unstressed position (and this is almost always the case),
they an pronounced in a weak form, individual sounds become shorter and less distinct.
A speech in which all the words are pronounced accurately and clearly will sound
completely unnatural.
For example, (in transcription, the first town is full, the second is reduced):
Articles: a [e. a], an [œ, a], the [òj, òi. òa].
Prepositions: of [ov, ay], for [to, fa], too [th, tu. ta], etc.
XXI CENTURY RENAISSANCE IN THE PARADIGM OF SCIENCE,
EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGY INNOVATIONS
269
Conjunctions: and [ænd. and], but [bat, bat]. that [òœt, òat], etc.
Quantitative reduction is typical for long vowel sounds. For example, the pronoun
me is pronounced under the stress of [inj], and in the unstressed position in fluent speech
fwii].
Zero reduction is also reflected in the letter: instead of the letter that falls out and
expresses a sound in full form, an apostrophe is put: I’m late [aim leit].
Thus, all unstressed words: articles, positions, conjunctions, particles, etc. - are
pronounced together (merged) with the stressed word with which they an related in
meaning and vowel sounds are reduced in them. For example: a merged pronunciation of
a notional verb followed by a personal pronoun:
I` see him
[ai’sjhim].
You’ help her [ju’helphe:].
Examples prove that it is the cognitive structures in human verbal thinking that
cause phonetic economy in each act of speech of communicants.
Conclusion
Thus, the tendency to save language resources is due to the needs of thinking and
communication. The principle of language economy is reflected in the ability to express
the diversity of the objective world in an economical way. Language is the main form
that reflects our knowledge of the world, as well as the main means of storing,
processing, and transmitting knowledge. The most well-known cognitive categories
borrowed from knowledge representation theory include the concepts of frame and
scenario. Frames and prototypes are among the most well-known categories borrowed
from knowledge representation theory.
In conclusion, we emphasize that the recognition by linguists of the fact of
processing phonetic and phonological formation using non-linguistic mental operations
of cognitive.
REFERENCES:
1. Budagov R.A. Problemy razvitiya yazyka (Problems of language development). – M. –
L.: Nauka, 1965. – P.73.
2. Bushuy A.M. Yasyk I deystvitolnost (Language and Reality). – T.: Fan, 2005. – 144 p.
3. Atashova F. D., Seytniyazova G. M. DEVELOPING COMMUNICATIVE
COMPETENCE
OF
ESP
LEARNERS
ESP
ЎҚУВЧИЛАРИНИНГ
КОММУНИКАТИВ
КОМПЕТЕНЦИЯСИНИ
РИВОЖЛАНТИРИШ
//Mental
Enlightenment Scientific-Methodological Journal. – 2022. – Т. 2022. – №. 2. – С. 38-50.
4. Atashova F. D., Konisov G. U. THE CONCEPT OF COMPETENCE APPROACH IN
TEACHING
A
FOREIGN
LANGUAGE
ЧЕТ
ТИЛИНИ
ЎҚИТИШДА
КОМПЕТЕНЦИЯ ЁНДАШУВИ ТУШУНЧАСИ //Mental Enlightenment Scientific-
Methodological Journal. – 2022. – Т. 2022. – №. 2. – С. 24-37.
5. Khojamuratov R., Otabek U. PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZING PROJECT
ACTIVITIES IN EFL CLASSES.
6. Feruza A., Dilbar P., Firuza D. CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL
AND APPLIED SCIENCES. – 2021.
