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компоненты с символикой цвета часто реализуют своѐ значение на основе метафорического или
метонимического переосмысления, а также ассоциаций с определѐнными цветовыми символами.
ЛИТЕРАТУРА:
1.
Жалгасов Н.М. Прагматические и лингвокультурологические особенности оценки
человека в провербиальных образованиях (на материале английского, узбекского и
каракалпакского языков). Дисс. … PhD по филол. наукам. – Нукус, 2020. – 161 с.
2.
Караматова К.М., Караматов Х.С. Proverbs. Мақоллар. Пословицы. – Тошкент: Меҳнат,
2000. – 398 б.
3.
Кунин А.В. Курс фразеологии современного английского языка. – Дубна: Феникс+, 2005. –
488 с.
4.
Мирзаев Ф. Лингвокультурологическая направленность обучения в языковом вузе. // Тил
ва адабиѐт таълими. Илмий-методик журнали. – Тошкент, 2017. - № 9. – С. 69-70.
5.
Пермяков Г.Л. Основы структурной паремиологии. – М., 1988. – 235 с.
DICTIONARY COMPILING AS ONE OF THE CHALLENGING ISSUES IN MODERN
ENGLISH LEXICOLOGY
Dauletova D.B.
Assistant teacher, English Language and Literature Department
KarSU named after Berdakh, Nukus, Uzbekistan
Abstract:
The ways of learning vocabulary skill which is very essential for foreign language learners or
users take the necessary information at first from the dictionaries. That‘s why every learners or users
should get proper knowledge about lexicography, its history, characteristics of every dictionary, new
technologies of their compiling and efficiency of dictionaries in learning of a certain language. The main
objective of the article is the process of compiling dictionary and to discuss some of the problems such as
the selection of headwords, the number, the structure and content of a vocabulary entry in different types
of dictionaries.
Key words:
dictionary, definition dictionaries, dictionary entries, metalanguage.
Аннотация:
Способы овладения словарным запасом, который очень важен для пользователей
иностранных языков, сначала берут необходимую информацию из словарей. Вот почему каждый
пользователь должен получить надлежащие знания о лексикографии, ее истории, характеристиках
каждого словаря, новых технологиях их составления и эффективности словарей в изучении
определенного языка. Основной целью статьи является процесс составления словаря и обсуждение
некоторых проблем, таких как выбор заглавных слов, количество, структура и содержание
словарной статьи в различных типах словарей.
Ключевые слова:
словарь, словари определений, словарные статьи, метаязык.
Dictionary is a systematically arranged list of socialized linguistic forms compiled from the
speech habits of a given speech – community and complemented on by the author in such a way that the
qualified reader understands the meaning. Obviously, the very fact that the dictionary is consulted rather
than read is obviously linked to its content, because definition dictionaries are reference books that are
resorted to in the case of need; and the need may be simply defined by saying that people consult
dictionaries in order to find explicit information about the meanings of particular words that are usually
yet not exclusively arranged in an alphabetical order of the headwords. Dictionaries are of many kinds
and usually do provide phonological, morphological, syntactic, lexical-semantic, pragmatic, and stylistic
information about the native or non-native language.
Furthermore, dictionaries are prepared to serve different practical needs of the people. A reader
looks
at
the
dictionary
mainly
from
the
following
points
of
view:
- as a reference book for different types of information on words e.g. pronunciation, etymology, usage etc.
[Hydekel: 1975]
.
This may be called the store house function of the dictionary which comprises different
kinds of words in alphabetical order.
- as a reference point for distinguishing the good or proper usage from the bad or wrong usage. This is the
legislative or the court house function of the dictionary.
The word ―dictionary‖ comes from neoclassical Latin, diction, meaning simply ―word‖. If we
speak about the dictionary as a linguistic term, it is a list of words with their definitions, a list of
characters, or a list of words with corresponding words in other languages. Many dictionaries also provide
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pronunciation information; grammatical information; word derivations; histories, or etymologies;
illustrations; usage guidance; and examples in phrase or sentences. Dictionaries are most commonly
found in the form of a book, but more and more dictionaries are produced as software runs from
electronic PDA or a general purpose computer. Most dictionaries are produced by lexicographers.
Since words and their meanings develop over time dictionary entries are organized to reflect these
changes. Dictionaries may either list meanings in the historical order in which they appeared or may list
meanings in order of popularity and most common use.
Any dictionary has been designed to fulfill one or more dictionary functions. The dictionary
functions chosen by the makers of the dictionary provide the basis for all lexicographic decisions, from
the selection of entry words, over the choice of information types, to the choice of place for the
information (e.g. in an article or in an appendix). There are two main types of function. The
communication-oriented functions comprise text reception (understanding), text production, text revision,
and translation. The knowledge oriented functions deal with situations where the dictionary is used for
acquiring specific knowledge about a particular matter, and for acquiring general knowledge about
something [Landau: 2001]
.
The most important problems lexicographers face with [Hartmann: 2003]
:
1.
The selection of items for inclusion and their arrangement.
The questions to be decided upon are:
a.
The type of lexical units to be chosen for inclusion;
b.
The number of items to be recorded;
c.
What to select and what to leave out in the dictionary;
d.
Which from of the language, spoken or written, or both, is the dictionary to reflect
e.
Should the dictionary contain obsolete and archaic units, technical terms, dialectisms,
colloquialisms etc.
2.
The setting of the entries. The entries can be given in a single alphabetical listing or arranged in
nests, based on some principles (e.g. in descending order of their frequency, in synonymic sets etc.).
3.
The selection, arrangement and definition of meanings. The choice of meanings depends on: 1)
What aim the compilers set themselves; 2) What decisions they make concerning the extent to which
obsolete, archaic, dialectal or highly specialized meanings should be recorded, how the problem of
polysemy and homonymy is solved etc. the meanings of words may be given through a group of
synonyms, description or so-called metalanguage.
There are three different ways in which the word meanings are arranged:
a.
In the sequence of their historical development (historical order);
b.
In conformity with frequency of use, i.e. with the most common meaning first (actual order);
c.
In their logical connection (logical order).
Meanings of words may be defined in different ways:
a.
by means of definitions that are characterized as encyclopedic;
b.
by means of descriptive definitions or paraphrases;
c.
with the help of synonymous words and expressions;
d.
by means of cross - references.
4.
The illustrative examples to be supplied. The purpose of these examples depends on the type of
the dictionary and the aim the compilers set themselves.
5.
The supplementary material. It can be a list of geographical names, standard abbreviations
pertaining to the public, political, economic and industrial life, rules of pronunciation, brief outlines of
grammar etc.
[
Kirkness: 2004
].
In dictionary production and in scientific work which is carried out in the field of dictionary
research, methods are used to reach certain results. Currently, there is no comprehensive and up-to-date
documentation of these particular methods in English. A method is a procedure or a technique used to
reach a certain aim. In all sciences, scientific methods are applied. They are part of a general theory of
science on its own or of theories of an individual science.
Lexicography and dictionary research is marked by pluralism of methods
[
Landau: 2001]:
The lexicographical work is determined by the type of the dictionary but reverts to the results, the
methods and the theories of different sciences.
Furthermore, it must be determined whether the production of a dictionary is a complete new
project, a dictionary derived from one or more existing dictionaries, a translation of another dictionary, a
revision and actualization of an existing edition or a retro-digitalization.
If a dictionary is made by an editorial staff, it is necessary to have a work schedule of the
lexicographical work, in which the distribution of the tasks is arranged, e.g. the conditions of the
compilation of the articles and the distribution of the articles to the lexicographers: a) It is possible that
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each article is written completely only by one person. The sequence of the article writing can start with
the articles under
A
, continuing onto the initials of the word list until
Z
. b) It is possible that a
lexicographer will write only one item type or a set of item types in every article so that the production of
item types is done thematically.
Another part of the preparation phase is the development of a concrete dictionary conception
where the dictionary type and the dictionary functions are laid down.
All the methods relevant for the lexicographer to make a dictionary in a systematic procedure
should be written down in an instruction book [Wiegand: 2010]
.
In conclusion, there are a lot of problems of modern dictionaries, ways of compiling by means of
new digital technologies on the basis of new paradigm of modern linguistics, as cognitive, linguocultural
and pragmalinguistics.
As we know that the theory of lexicography in connected with all the disciplines which study the
lexical system, semantics, lexicology, grammar and stylistics. Modern linguistics requires the
lexicography investigation from the point of cultural, conceptual, pragmatic, contextual and textual
aspects.
REFERENCES:
1. Hartmann R.R.K. Lexicography: Dictionaries, compilers, critics and users. Routledge. 2003.
2. Hydekel S.S. Readings in Modern English Lexicology. London. 1975.
3. Kirkness Alan. ―Lexicography‖, in The Handbook of Applied Linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell. 2004.
4. Landau S.I. Dictionaries: The Art and Craft of Lexicography. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
2001.
5. Wiegand H. E., Beißwenger, M., Gouws, R. H., Kämmerer, M., Storrer, A., 8i Wolski, W.
Systematische Einführung. In Wörterbuch zur Lexikographie und Wörterbuchforschung. IstvoL:
Systematische Einführung. 2010.
COMPARATIVE AND CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF PROVERBS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK
LANGUAGES
Djumambetova G.K.
Assistant teacher, English Language and Literature Department
KarSU named after Berdakh, Nukus, Uzbekistan
Dauletbayeva B.
2
nd
year student of the Foreign Language and Literature Department
KarSU named after Berdakh, Nukus, Uzbekistan
Abstract
: The article examines the role of "proverbs" in English and Uzbek cultures. This article briefly
outlines the work of famous writers and researchers on proverbs, as well as the role and meaning of
proverbs in human life. When we compared proverbs in different languages, we found differences and
similarities between them
Key Words
: proverb, equivalent, context, grammar, linguoculturology, culturology, comparison
The whole unity of the spiritual culture created by the people is, of course, the proverbs of that
nation. Let us take the oral or personal memory of each nation, in which the myths and legends that are
vaguely preserved in the memory of mankind, the primitive ideas and concepts of the depths of long
history, the cream of life wisdom formed from centuries of observations are human we see a reflection of
the experience of contemplation. English and Uzbek folk proverbs have been collected and refined over
thousands of years as a result of scientific and artistic thinking. The best proverbs that have been created
and used in the past, as an example of folk wisdom, are still great educational value of today. Such
proverbs and wise sayings constitute a precious treasure of the spiritual wealth of every nation. Proverbs
are a simple way of expressing a well-known truth or adage based on common sense or experience. They
are usually considered to be imbued with ancestral wisdom, passed down from generation to generation
until they become part of a society‘s oral tradition. Proverbs are pieces of language that best represent the
folk culture from a speech community. Thus, the uses and main purposes of proverbs are an important
subject to know how these popular wisdom tools work in everyday language. To achieve a good
explanation for proverbs function and uses in Uzbek and English languages, we approached different
aspects of this phenomenon.
Poets and writers such as Alisher Navoi, Bobur, Muqimi, Furqat, Zavqi, Lutfi made effective use
of folk art to make it easier for people to understand. Writer M. Gorky also described the proverbs: ‗The
