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same time it is a reflection of the manifestation of the will or internal acceptance of the value of the task
[
Ryan R.M., Deci E.L.
]
Motives and motivation are the driving force behind the learning process. It is motivation that is
the main means that will make it possible to increase the level of students' interest in the educational
process.
Therefore, the education system as a whole and teachers, as the most important subjects of this
system, should always pay great attention to the principle of motivation, create situations in which
students have an interest in the educational material.
To achieve this goal, teachers must enhance both extrinsic and intrinsic motivation to learn.
However, internal motives prevail over external ones, because in external motivation a student can
perform educational activities under the influence of external factors. Circumstances, and intrinsic
motivation is abstract and related to pleasure, satisfaction, a sense of accomplishment within the person
himself and can even affect extrinsic motivation.
REFERENCES
:
1.
Regush.L.A. Pedagogical psychology. SPb, 2011.
2.
Reanh A.A. Personal psychology. SPb, 2011.
3.
Ryan R.M., Deci E.L. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: Classic Definitions and New Directions
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0361476X99910202
PEDAGOGY AND INNOVATIVE TEACHING METHODS IN THE XXI CENTURY
Pirnazarova Sh.
4
th
year student, KarSU named after Berdakh,
Nukus, Uzbekistan
Atashova F.
Scientific advisor, English Language and Literature Department
KarSU named after Berdakh, Nukus, Uzbekistan
Abstract:
During the ancient period in Greece, the role of the teacher was first introduced and teaching
was considered an art form. Going to school and getting an education was something that only the richest
people could afford. The role of a teacher or educator was considered the most important in the learning
process, as they gave children invaluable knowledge and wisdom.
However, educators were not the first educators. Wealthy residents of the area used slaves to take their
children to school. They were considered experienced and wise, who passed on knowledge to the children
who were led to school. This is how the word "teacher" came about. He is described as the "leader of the
children". They guide students both academically and morally.
Teaching methods are broader methods used to help learners achieve learning outcomes, and activities are
the various ways in which these methods are implemented. Teaching methods help students to master the
course content and learn how to apply content in specific contexts.
Key words
: teacher, teaching, pedagogy, methods, learning process, leader of the children, learning
outcomes, activities, course, academically and morally, content, specific context, guide, pass on
knowledge.
INTRODUCTION
Pedagogy refers to the way in which students are taught, be it theory or practice of learning. It is
the link between culture and teaching methods. The main goal of pedagogy in the XXI century is to build
on students' previous knowledge and work to develop students' skills and attitudes. Pedagogy allows
students to gain a complete understanding of the subject and helps them apply the acquired knowledge in
everyday life outside the classroom.
Pedagogy defines the methods adopted for the conduct of teaching sessions, using the various
strategies and approaches adopted by teachers to ensure that the goal is achieved. Pedagogy is strongly
influenced by educational psychology and child psychology. This concerns not only the improvement of
teaching methods, but also the analysis of student responses. Overall, its main goal is to develop an
effective learning experience.
Pedagogy, the study of teaching methods includes, the goals of education and the achievement of
these goals. This field relies heavily on educational psychology, which advocates a scientific theory of
education, and to some extent limits philosophical education, which presupposes goals and appeals to
education from a philosophical point of view.
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In the act of teaching, there are two sides (teacher and learner) working together on some
program (subject) designed to somehow change the experience and understanding of students. Therefore,
it is necessary to begin by observing the student, the teacher, and the subject, and then consider the
significance of group life and the school. Then it will be possible to consider the factors and theories
associated with changing the experience and understanding of a person.
Importance of pedagogy in modern teaching and learning:
-improves the quality of teaching. It will benefit students by helping them fully understand the learning
material, thus improving learning outcomes;
-encourage a collaborative learning environment. This improves their perception by understanding and
learning from the opinions of other students, thus tailoring the collaborative learning environment,
making them better leaders in the future;
- improves communication between teacher and student. The teacher understands the student better,
which helps him focus on the student's weaknesses and guide them.
Teaching pedagogy
, or in other words teaching methods, can be either teacher- or student-
centered and can have a low-tech or high-tech approach. Teacher-centered learning focuses on the teacher
lecturing and sharing content through direct teaching. As a result, teacher-focused assessments are
designed for students to show how well they remember that knowledge at the end of a section.
Alternatively, student-centered learning guides the student to be an active participant in their learning
process.
Learning pedagogy
aims to ensure that students understand information in different ways, and is
no less important than pedagogical pedagogy for understanding and supporting each student. Every
teacher knows that no two students are the same, so figuring out how each student learns best can help
them personalize learning. There are several theories about how students learn. One popular concept is
Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences, created by developmental psychologist Howard Gardner.
Gardner's research analyzes different learning styles and helps identify strengths and challenges for each
type of learner [3].
Innovative pedagogical methods
Modern pedagogical methods refer to the elements used in a pedagogical scenario or referred to
in a pedagogical strategy. And there are as many teaching methods and approaches as the number of
teachers, but major of them can be classified according to teacher-centered methods and student-centered
methods.
Teacher-centered methods:
1)direct instruction (low tech) - sometimes referred to as the
"traditional" approach to teaching, teachers communicate knowledge to their students primarily through
lectures and prepared lesson plans, without regard to student preferences or opportunities for hands-on or
other types of learning; 2) flipped classrooms (high tech)
-
this simplified description showed that the
"flipped classroom", when studying or reading their lessons on computers at home, helps solve problems
and complete problem-solving tasks in the classroom; 3) kinesthetic learning (low tech)
-
in the
kinesthetic learning model, students perform hands-on physical activities rather than listening to lectures
or watching demonstrations. Kinesthetic learning, which values movement and creativity over
technological skills, is most often used to expand on traditional types of learning—the theory being that
students are required to do, do, or create something that exercises different learning muscles.
Student-centered methods
: 1) inquiry based learning (high tech) - instead of acting as the sole
authority figure, in inquiry-based learning, teachers offer support and guidance as students work on
projects that depend on them taking on a more active and collaborative role in their own learning; 2)
personalized learning (high tech) - in one-to-one learning, teachers encourage students to follow
personalized, self-guided learning plans that are based on their specific interests and skills. Because
assessment is also individual, students can progress at their own pace, moving forward or taking extra
time as needed; 3) game learning (high tech) - students love games, and significant progress has been
made in the area of play-based learning, which requires students to be able to solve problems.
CONCLUSION
Thus, thoughtful modern pedagogy is a holistic relationship of concepts and ideas, as well as
ways of teaching students. It also indicates that these practices are directly related to the student's
achievements, outcomes, and skills developed after applying the approach.
And your choice of teaching method depends on what suits you—your educational philosophy,
classroom demographics, subject area(s), and the school's mission statement. Learning theories can be
divided into four categories based on two main dimensions: teacher-centered versus student-centered
approach and the use of high-tech materials versus the use of low-tech materials.
So, is the teacher the center of the educational universe or the student? Does a strong reliance on
the wonders of technology offer a more productive educational experience, or is a more traditional, low-
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tech approach the best way to help students succeed? Questions like these are food for thought for
educators around the world, in part because they inspire constant reflection on how to make a significant
difference in the lives of their students.
REFERENCES:
1.
https://www.powerschool.com/blog/pedagogy-in-education-more-than-just-a-buzzword
2.
https://www.iitms.co.in/blog/importance-of-pedagogy-in-teaching-and-learning-process.html
3.
NIU
Center
for
Innovative
Teaching
and
https://www.niu.edu/citl/resources/guides/instructional-guide/gardners-theory-of-multiple-
4.
―Pedagogical Methods in the Teaching and Learning Processes at Different Levels of Education‖,
Radhika Kapur, University of Delhi
5.
―Teachers‘ Pedagogical Knowledge and the Teaching Profession‖, Sonia Guerriero, PhD
Teaching Approaches, Methods, and Techniques- Enamul Hoque, International Conference on
Language education and Research, 2016
TEACHING WRITING ESSAY TO INTERMEDIATE LEVEL LEARNERS
Seytnazarova Sh.
MA student, NSPI named after Ajiniyaz, Nukus, Uzbekistan
An essay is a piece of writing that methodically analyses and evaluates a topic or issue.
Fundamentally, an essay is designed to get your academic opinion on a particular matter.
The word essay derives from the French infinitive essayer, "to try" or "to attempt". In English
essay first meant "a trial" or "an attempt", and this is still an alternative meaning. The Frenchman Michel
de Montaigne (1533–1592) was the first author to describe his work as essays; he used the term to
characterize these as "attempts" to put his thoughts into writing, and his essays grew out of his
commonplacing.
Below are brief summaries of each of the ten steps to writing an essay. Select the links for more
info on any particular step, or use the blue navigation bar on the left to proceed through the writing steps.
How To Write an Essay can be viewed sequentially, as if going through ten sequential steps in an essay
writing process, or can be explored by individual topic.
1. Research: Begin the essay writing process by researching your topic, making yourself an
expert. Utilize the internet, the academic databases, and the library. Take notes and immerse yourself in
the words of great thinkers.
2. Analysis: Now that you have a good knowledge base, start analyzing the arguments of the
essays you're reading. Clearly define the claims, write out the reasons, the evidence. Look for weaknesses
of logic, and also strengths. Learning how to write an essay begins by learning how to analyze essays
written by others.
3. Brainstorming: Your essay will require insight of your own, genuine essay-writing brilliance.
Ask yourself a dozen questions and answer them. Meditate with a pen in your hand. Take walks and think
and think until you come up with original insights to write about.
4. Thesis: Pick your best idea and pin it down in a clear assertion that you can write your entire
essay around. Your thesis is your main point, summed up in a concise sentence that lets the reader know
where you're going, and why. It's practically impossible to write a good essay without a clear thesis.
5. Outline: Sketch out your essay before straightway writing it out. Use one-line sentences to
describe paragraphs, and bullet points to describe what each paragraph will contain. Play with the essay's
order. Map out the structure of your argument, and make sure each paragraph is unified.
6. Introduction: Now sit down and write the essay. The introduction should grab the reader's
attention, set up the issue, and lead in to your thesis. Your intro is merely a buildup of the issue, a stage of
bringing your reader into the essay's argument.
(Note: The title and first paragraph are probably the most important elements in your essay. This
is an essay-writing point that doesn't always sink in within the context of the classroom. In the first
paragraph you either hook the reader's interest or lose it. Of course your teacher, who's getting paid to
teach you how to write an essay, will read the essay you've written regardless, but in the real world,
readers make up their minds about whether or not to read your essay by glancing at the title alone.)
7. Paragraphs: Each individual paragraph should be focused on a single idea that supports your
thesis. Begin paragraphs with topic sentences, support assertions with evidence, and expound your ideas
