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ResearchBib IF - 11.01, ISSN: 3030-3753, Volume 2 Issue 7
ON THE LEXICAL DIMENSION OF LITERARY TRANSLATION: THEORETICAL
INSIGHTS AND CASE STUDIES
Ochilova. S.O
Uzbekistan, Termiz 1
st
year student of
Master’s degree in Termiz State University
E-mail:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15796236
Annotation.
This article discusses the issue related to the lexical problems of literary
translation from one language to another, which is very relevant and plays an important role in
translation theory. The article takes into account the peculiarities of the translation of lexical
units and theoretical aspects using the example of words and phrases.
Key words:
lexical unit, word, translation, synonyms, contextual meanings.
Topicality of our article is in world linguistics, it is important to study the lexical
problems of translating literary texts during the translation process. Lexical features of the
language, their application, here are some options for getting a pair with words and connecting,
the places in the lexical system of the language in different languages, it has its own
characteristics. By translation, it is customary to understand such a type of human linguistic
activity, in the process of which, thanks to special processing of the source text existing in one
language, a text is created that represents it in the target language. It is important to note that any
independent scientific discipline has a specific object and subject of research. The object of
research in translation studies is the literary text, the subject is the lexical issues of that. We
study it according to its typical characteristics. This problem is the main and most difficult in
translation studies. The whole difficulty lies in the fact that words are characterized by the
versatility of language and semantic diversity. As you can often see, a word as a lexical unit in
English and Uzbek may not always coincide. Types of lexical compatibility in English and
Uzbek can be classified. The principal types of lexical correspondences between two languages
are as follows:
I. Complete correspondences.
II. Partial correspondences.
III. The absence of correspondences.
Complete lexical correspondences.
Complete correspondence of lexical units of two
languages can rarely be found. As a rule they belong to the following lexical groups: 1) Proper
names and geographical names; 2) Scientific and technical terms; 3) The months and days of the
week, numerals.
Partial lexical correspondences.
While translating the lexical units partial
correspondences mostly occur. That happens when a word in the language of the original
conforms to several equivalents in the language it is translated into. The reasons of
these facts are the following. 1. Most words in a language are polysemantic, and the system
of word - meaning in one language does not concur with the same system
in another language completely (compare the nouns “house” (uy,boshpana, parlament ) 2. The
specification of synonymous order which pertain the selection of words. (dismiss, discharge
(bookish) – ishdan bo’shatmoq. 3. Each word has its nominative meaning. Each language creates
its own «picture of the world», Nominative units in different languages can mean the same thing.
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Because in the nominative unit of each language, there are "various principles of dividing
reality into parts" specific to this language.
Despite the difference of signs, both languages reflect one and the same phenomenon
adequately and to the same extent, which must be taken into account when translating words of
this kind, as equivalence is not identical to having the same meaning.This is also due to the
influence of international relations, political-historical, cultural events on the worldview of other
peoples. It is thanks to this that, for example, through the English language, many foreign words
about politics, religion, economics and science have been absorbed into the Uzbek language. It is
also worth noting that through the translation of foreign literature, specific words are entering
Uzbek readers, which often represent many concepts that are not understandable. First of all, the
meaning means the real meaning of the word, the nominal and the emotional. The real meaning
of the word corresponds to a separate concept, behind which there is an object, a phenomenon in
real reality. A name is a single object, namely, a person or a geographical concept. The
emotional meaning of a word shows emotions and sensations that are caused by objects, facts or
phenomena of real reality. In the translation of specific words, there are usually two difficulties:
1) the absence of an equivalent corresponding to words specific to the original language; 2)
specific words in the original language, the complexity of the fullness of expression of the
National, Historical Colorite in the language being translated into this people. Thus, in the
translation of specific words, the following ways are more often observed: 1) transcription; 2)
transliteration; 3) generation of a new word – neologism by translation; 4) literal (kalka)
translation; 5) turning with a word whose meaning is approximated; 6) explain the specific word
by interpretation; 7) replacement with contextual alternative. Every translator once had to face
such a problem as the correct choice of a word to accurately convey its meaning in the translated
text. Often, a compound word or an entire phrase can correspond to one word in English and
Uzbek (for example, a mother-in-law - qaynona). The word expresses the concept of an object or
phenomenon of reality by a set of meanings. To make the right choice of a word in translation, it
is necessary to correctly analyze the lexical meanings of the word, that is, to choose in Russian
the word that best corresponds in meaning to English. Sometimes a translator is faced with a
situation in which he has to enter an additional Russian word in order to holistically convey the
entire meaning of the English word. For example, the word “to take” in English has more
meanings than just the Uzbek word "olmoq". In order for the translation to be adequate, the
translator usually refers to the compilation of a synonymous series. Synonyms are used to
strengthen and clarify concepts, statements, in order to avoid repetition, etc. Synonyms may not
always be interchangeable, since they are ideally suited to one context, but not to another. For
example, consider the word brave, which translates as brave, brave. In the context of: She was
brave about it – you can see that these values are not suitable, so it's worth it to continue the
synonymous series and reveal that the meanings of brave and courageous may be appropriate.
The last synonym fits the context more than the others, and in general the phrase will be
translated as: "She bravely endured it." It often happens that an English word has many meanings
and is highly combinable, but its use may not coincide with the use of the Uzbek word. As a
result, it will be translated into Uzbek in different words: a young child - bolakay, young in
crime – tajribasiz jinoyatchi, etc. There are also words whose meanings in both languages are
almost entirely the same. For example, to sleep, to talk, a book, a mountain almost completely
correspond to the Uzbek equivalents – uxlamoq, gaplashmoq, kitob, tog’. Sometimes the
translator can be misled by words such as "false friends of the translator".
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These words are so called because their formal similarity makes it possible to assume that
they are interchangeable, and as a result, many translation errors occur. This is due to the fact
that when learning and applying a foreign language, we often transfer our language habits to a
foreign language. The native language, rooted in consciousness, leads us to establish false
analogies between formally similar words in translation. In general, "translator's false friends"
are similar words that have arisen in different languages as a result of their mutual influence.
Transliteration in its pure form is quite rare, it is mainly associated with established forms
of naming, for example: Illinois – Illinois (not Ilina). There may also be mixed forms of
translation that partially coincide with the original name (Moscow – Moskva), or do not coincide
at all (England – Angliya). It is difficult to arrive at any conclusions with regard that this topic
seemed to us quite interesting and worthy of attention, as you can find a lot of informative and
practical material that will be useful to every translator. Although a lot of work has been done to
study the theoretical basis, the main problematic lexical aspects of translation have been under
the research. Literary translation should be strived to preserve the originality of the original,
without violating the norms of the foreign language. It is also important to take into account the
fact that what may be familiar to one language may be absolutely unusual and bring some
pretentiousness to another language.
References
1.
Rahimov, G. (2016). Tarjima nazariyasi va amaliyoti: Darslik-majmua. Toshkent:
O‘zbekiston Milliy Entsiklopediyasi Davlat Ilmiy Nashriyoti, 96.
2.
Komissarov, V. N. (2013). Obshchaya teoriya perevoda: Uchebnoe posobie [General
theory of translation: Textbook]. Moscow.
3.
Tyulenev, S. V. (2004). Teoriya perevoda: Uchebnoe posobie [Theory of translation:
Textbook]. Moscow.
4.
Sheydin, Y. O. (2018). Lexical problems of translation. Vestnik MITU-MASI, (1), 80–
82.
