Types of personality according to the development level of social
intelligence
Orif Avlaev
1
,
1
PhD in the Science of Psychology, docent of the Department of Psychology,Chirchiq State Pedagogical University,
Uzbekistan
),
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10462992
Keywords:
Personality, Social Intellect, Typological Analysis, Personality Typology, Imperative, Declarative, Explicit,
Implicit.
Abstract:
The problem of the fact associated with the scientific reflection of the processes that create typological
relationships in modern psychological research is not high enough. In social and humanity sciences, there are
procedures for simplifying this area as a logical and methodological basis for the development of typological
and structural components. The article discusses the problem of personality typology in psychology and
analyzes the results of the research on defining the specifics of the methodology of studying personality types
based on the levels of social intelligence that ensured personality maturity. As a result of scientific research,
the psycho types are divided into 4 types: imperative, declarative, explicit, and implicit, which differ from the
function and level of social intelligence of a person as well as the correlational relations between indicators
of social intelligence cluster of personality types have been determined.
1 INTRODUCTION
The personality problem is studied by various
branches of Psychology. The most important
theoretical task is to reveal the objective foundations
of psychological characteristics that characterize a
person as an individual, individuality, and
personality. There are many definitions of personality
in domestic and foreign psychological literature and
each time they come from the level of development
of the science or the methodological position of the
author
2. LITERATURE REVIEW.
New typologies of individual differences appeared,
most of them developed from the same root, based on
the typology of the great psychologist and thinker K.
Jung. Mayer-
Brigge typologies (1959), D. Keirgi’s
type indicators, socionics created by Aushra
Augustinavichyut, distinguish two types: extratims
and intratims, with the formation of sixteen secondary
types, eight in each group.. O. Kreger, J.M. Tucson
(1995) also identifies sixteen personality types and
divides them into two subgroups of four subtypes.
K. Jung (1875-1961)
divides people into extroverts
and introverts according to his approach to
personality typology.
Extraversion means
"directed from inside to
outside", people with this type of tendency like to be
among the people more and share their experiences
with others. Sociable, has a wide range of
acquaintances. In some cases, seriousness is lacking.
Can gain people's trust quickly and is also quick to
offend.
Introversion means
"directed from outside to inside",
and individuals of this type are serious, restrained,
sensitive, careless, and strictly adhere to the rules of
friendship. Communication circles are limited, shy,
more occupied with their inner world, and prefer
loneliness [2].
Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
is the founder of
individual psychology. He divides individuals
according to lifestyle into ruling, getting/learning,
avoiding, and socially helpful types.
Ruling Type:
This type of person is self-confident
and motivated, with no social interest. They are
active, but not in the social plan, the happiness of
others is not important to them, they are characterized
by domination over the external world.
Learning/Getting type:
people who are greedy for the
outside world and tend to satisfy most of their own
needs at the expense of others.
Avoiding type:
these people have low social interest
and compulsive activity in solving personal
problems, they are afraid of failure and avoid solving
their life problems. They avoid everything that brings
trouble or bad luck.
Socially helpful type:
this type is mature, demanding,
has social interests, and is highly active. This person
cares for other people, is interested in relationships
with them, knows how to solve the main life problems
of people such as work, love, and friendship-
cooperation that requires personal courage, and
responsibility, and is ready to contribute to the
happiness of other people [5;6 ].
According to
Gordon Allport (1897-1967)
and
Edward Spranger
, based on individual values it is
divided into theorist, economist, aesthetic, social,
political, and religious types.
1.
Theorist
. A person who emphasizes this value is
primarily interested in revealing the truth. Such a
person is distinguished by his rational, critical, and
empirical approach to life. The theoretical type is
highly intellectual and often chooses to work in
fundamental science or philosophy.
2. Economist
. An "economical" person puts profit or
utility above all else. He strictly adheres to the
stereotype of a very "productive" and successful
businessman. Representatives of this type are
interested in how to earn money.
3. Aesthetics
. Such a person mostly values form and
harmony. Perceiving any life event in terms of
attractiveness, symmetry, or relevance, this type of
person interprets life as a flow of events in which each
individual enjoys life for its own sake. An aesthetic
subject does not need to be a creator or an artist, but
his inclination may be manifested in an increased and
active interest in the aesthetic aspects of life.
4. Social.
The highest value for a social type is the
love of people. In its pure form, the social attitude is
altruistic and closely related to religious values.
5. Politician
. The main interest of the political type is
authority and power. The professional activities of
this type of people are not limited to the field of
politics, because superiors in any field usually value
power and influence above all else.
6. Religious
. Representatives of this type are mainly
interested in understanding the whole world.
However, the ways of expressing this desire may be
different. For example, some religious individuals
find meaning in self-affirmation and active
participation in life. Meanwhile, others seek to
connect with a higher reality by withdrawing from
life. A religious person, regardless of the way he
expresses himself, notices unity and the highest
meaning in the universe [3].
Erich Fromm (1900-1980)
divides individuals into
Receptive, Exploitative, Hoarding, Marketing, and
Productive types. He makes this classification by
considering how people treat themselves, others, and
the world in general. Below is a brief description of
each type:
Receptive:
dependent on others and passive, loyal,
and emotional, striving to be loved rather than loved.
Exploitative.
Conceited, aggressive, and assertive, he
cannot create himself.
Hoarding.
Strives to achieve mostly material well-
being, wealth, power, and love, also has stingy,
steadfast, suspicious, stubbornness, carefulness,
perfection, self-control, and restraint.
Marketing.
He follows the rule that “I am the person
you want”. He presents himself as a commodity and
treats others as commodities, showing no respect for
good or bad in achieving his goals, as open and
curious as a child.
Productive.
Different from the other four types, it
represents the proven goal for human development.
He has self-regulating, honest, modest, love for
others, creative, and socially useful behavior [2;5].
The disadvantage of the existing classifications is that
they do not reflect the levels of development of social
intelligence that ensure the interaction of a person
with the world and include a large number of mixed
and combined types, which leads to infinite empirical
diversity. Nevertheless, in modern psychology, there
is clear information to distinguish personality types.
.
3 Materials and Methods
The purpose of the study is to improve the work
of developing self-awareness and social intelligence
to solve the problem of ensuring the maturity of a
person by developing a typology of a modern person.
3.1
RESEARCH METHODS
It includes theoretical comparative analysis,
generalization of scientific, methodological, and
official resources, analysis and synthesis of Internet
sources; logical content analysis, and observation of
scientific works and dissertations on the studied
issues for classification of approaches to the study of
personality typology. Thus, an adapted version of Dr.
Gilford's methodology of "Studying Social
Intelligence";
"Social-emotional
intelligence"
identification questionnaire adapted to the national
environment of the Likert scale has been used. The
level of reliability of the obtained results was
confirmed by applying K. Pearson's r-correlation
coefficient from mathematical-statistical methods.
3.2. DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
We started the scientific research work by reviewing
and identifying typologies of individuals. Then the
imperative, declarative, explicit, and implicit
typology of the person was determined through
special methods. According to each type of
personality, correlation indicators with the cluster of
social intelligence were determined (See Table 1).
Table 1.
Correlation indicators of personality types with
social intelligence cluster (according to K. Pearson's r-
correlation coefficient) (N=460)
#
№
Personality
types
Social intelligence
Cluster
R
1
Imperative
Interpersonal
interaction
0,449*
"Self-Management"
0,516**
Managing
interpersonal
relationships
0,528**
2
Declarative
Understanding
nonverbal behavior
0,465*
Understanding verbal
expression
0,509**
Social awareness
0,510**
3
Explicit
Self- Management
0,482*
Interpersonal
interaction
0,463*
4
Implicit
Self-awareness
0,525**
Self- Management
0,478*
Understanding the
thoughts of the
interlocutor
0,463*
Explanation: * -р≤ 0,05. ** -р≤ 0,01.
The results of the scientific research show that the
correlation between the indicators of the social
intelligence cluster has been observed mostly the
following factors: of the imperative type of the person
is: interpersonal interaction (r=0.449, r≤0.05), self
-
control (r=0.516, r≤0.01) and interpersonal
relationship management (r=0.528, r≤0.01) factors,
and declarative type: understanding of nonverbal
be
havior (r=0.465, r≤0.05), understanding of verbal
expression (r=0.509, r≤0,01) and social awareness
(r=0
,510, r≤0,01) factors, the explicit type of
personality: with self-
control (r=0,482, r≤0,05) and
interpersonal interaction (r=0,463, r≤ 0.05) factors,
implicit type: it can be seen that there are correlations
between the factors as self-awareness (r=0.525,
r≤0.01),
self
-
management
(r=0.478,
r≤0.01),
understanding the thoughts of the interlocutor
(r=0.463, r≤0.05). Based on these collected empirical
results, we develop a typology of personality types on
the level of social intelligence.
Different levels of social intelligence of 4 types of
individuals were determined with the help of DJ.
Gilford's methodology of "Studying Social
Intelligence" and Likert questionnaires of "Socio-
Emotional Intelligence". The level of development of
each type of social intelligence is determined as high,
medium, and low.
Table 2
. Levels of social intelligence according to
personality traits
№
Personality
types/traits
Developmental level of social
intelligence (n / %)
High
Medium
Low
1
Imperative
(n=115)
22 / 19,1
77 / 66,8
16 / 14,1
2
Declarative
(n=115)
14 / 12,2
80 / 69,5
21 / 18,3
3
Explicit
(n=115)
23 / 20,0
82 / 71,3
10 / 8,7
4
Implicit
(n=115)
30 / 26,1
73 / 63,5
12 / 10,4
We tried to classify 4 types of personality traits
according to the development levels of social
intelligence. The division into psychological types
according to social intelligence can be expressed
based on various characteristics and levels of
developing social skills. However, it should be noted
that such typologies are often conditional, and their
purpose is to help better understand the diversity of
social skills in people. Some psychological types
that can be classified by levels of social intelligence
are:
Imperative type: (practical action based on
social norms and requirements).
A person who strictly adheres to social norms and
rules may have several psychological and personality
traits. These characteristics can be revealed in his
behavior, his relations with others, and his perception
of the world.
1. According to the development of a person's
social intelligence:
Some typical psychological characteristics of this
imperative type of person according to their level of
social intelligence are:
High level of social intelligence (n=22 / 19.1 %)
- an imperative person with a well-developed social
intelligence regularly promotes various social
initiatives, a strongly developed social intelligence,
imperatively very active, official, even following
official norms and laws can demonstrate the ability to
communicate effectively with others. Their high level
of empathy and understanding allows them to
maintain a balance between meeting demands and
taking into account the needs and feelings of others.
They understand well the object-subject and subject-
person contexts of interactional situations. They can
successfully use social skills to persuade, motivate,
and communicate with others within the framework
of rules and regulations.
Medium level of social intelligence (n=77 / 66.8
%)
–
individuals with an imperative type of medium
level of social intelligence sometimes promote one or
another social initiative, although the possession of
social intelligence is not regular, it manifests,
imperatively to some extent active, tends to formality.
Such a type of person can focus on satisfying the
requirements and orders by following the established
rules. At the same time, they may face certain
difficulties in adapting to changing situations and in
providing emotional support. However, such
individuals have a good understanding of the object-
subject context of the interaction state.
Low level of social intelligence (n=16 / 14.1%)
-
individuals of the imperative type with a low level of
social intelligence, sometimes strive to promote
social initiative, although it is not sufficiently
grounded, their social intelligence is not adequately
demonstrated, they do not tend to be imperatively
active, intrusive. Such individuals may have
difficulty communicating effectively with others.
Their limited capacity for empathy and inability to
understand other people's non-verbal cues and
feelings can lead to conflicts or misunderstandings.
They may adhere to strict formal norms and may not
be able to adapt their actions to different contexts.
The reason is a lack of understanding of both the
object-subject
and
subject-person
contexts of the
interpersonal interaction situation.
2. General characteristics
Strict adherence to social norms can be associated
with positive aspects such as social integration and
enforcement, but sometimes it can lead to over
conformity and limited personality.
Obedience and Conformity:
A person who
follows strictly social norms may be very obedient
and compliant, following the rules and instructions of
society or authority.
Vigilance and caution:
Such kind of person
usually pays attention to details and is careful in his
actions in order not to break the rules.
Recognition/Pursuing:
A person may pursue
approval and recognition from others for conforming
to social norms and rules.
Fear of making mistakes:
A person who adheres
strictly to social norms may develop a fear of making
mistakes or breaking the rules, which can lead to
feelings of anxiety or tension.
Restricting Behavior:
Sometimes such a person
may restrict their actions and expressions of emotions
to meet society's expectations.
Loyalty to tradition:
A person who adheres
strictly to social norms may be a strict disciplinarian
for tradition and customs.
Social recognition:
Social recognition and
acceptance can be important for such a person
It should be noted that each individual is unique
and the level of compliance with social norms may
vary depending on various factors such as cultural,
social, and personal characteristics.
Declarative type: (theoretical knowledge of
social norms and rules)
Formally, it is difficult to structure, formalize, and
generally describe human knowledge in any way,
because knowledge depends on each person, his
experience, life position, profession, emotions, etc.
And how can the term "decorativeness" be applied to
knowledge?
A person who has only theoretical knowledge of
social norms and rules can demonstrate several
psychological characteristics that can affect his
behavior and interaction with the outside world. It
should be stated that the practical application of
knowledge may differ from theoretical ideas, and a
person may face some difficulties in applying this
knowledge in practice.
1. According to the development of a person's
social intelligence:
High level of social intelligence (n=14 / 12.2%)
- a declarative person with a highly developed social
intelligence regularly puts forward various social
initiative ideas, has a strongly developed social
intelligence, is declaratively very active, a theorist.
These types of individuals can use their abstract
knowledge of norms and rules to analyze complex
social situations. They can understand how various
theoretical concepts can be applied in practice and
how their knowledge affects their interactions with
others. They can maintain a balance between abstract
theory and practical needs with high analytical skills.
Medium level of social intelligence (n=80 /
69.5%)
- sometimes he puts forward one or another
social idea, although the possession of social
intelligence is not regular, it is manifested, he is
somewhat active declaratively, and tends to
formality. Individuals of the declarative type with an
average level of social intelligence can understand
norms and rules, but follow them more formally.
They may have difficulty adapting their abstract
knowledge to changing social situations. Such
individuals have a good understanding of the subject-
personality context of the interactional situation.
Low level of social intelligence (n=21 / 18.3%)
-
although he is not sufficiently grounded, he tends to
promote social initiative, his social intelligence is not
sufficiently demonstrated, and he does not tend to be
declaratively active, or inquisitive. Declarative-type
individuals with low levels of social intelligence may
have difficulty understanding how theoretical
knowledge relates to practical situations. Their
abstract knowledge can be separated from the context
and needs of other people. Such people do not
understand both the object-object and subject-person
contexts of the interpersonal interaction phenomenon.
2. General characteristics
Some of the psychological features of such a
person may include:
Uncertainty in actions:
a person who has only
theoretical knowledge may experience uncertainty in
applying norms and rules in practice, because he may
lack skill and practical training.
Cautious in interrelationships:
Such a person can
be more restrained and prefers to avoid situations
where he does not know how to follow social norms.
Anxiety due to possible mistakes:
He may
experience anxiety and worry due to fear of making
mistakes or breaking rules, especially new or
unknown.
Antipathy:
Lack of practical experience can make
such a person feel resentful or ignorant, especially if
he is unable to do so.
Desire for additional learning:
Such a person
may receive more practical experience or additional
education to apply knowledge more reliably in
everyday life.
Analyzing Social Situations:
He may tend to
analyze social situations and try to determine which
rules and norms are most appropriate for each
particular situation.
It is important to note that gaining only theoretical
knowledge of social norms is not a bad trait and can
be a common step in the learning and development
process.
A type of person with only theoretical knowledge
of social intelligence may have certain psychological
traits and characteristics that may affect their
interactions with others and their social skills.
Explicit type (social norms and experiences are
clearly expressed, open, and perfect).
The Explicit type of personality has well-
developed skills and an aware understanding of social
interactions.
1.
According to the development of a
person's social intelligence:
High level of social intelligence (n=23/20.0%)
-
an explicit person with a highly developed social
intelligence is a person who is regularly active in
implementing various social initiatives, a person with
a highly developed social intelligence, who is
explicitly very active, a practitioner. Individuals of
this type are very aware of their interpersonal skills
and use them consciously. They understand the
object-subject and subject-personality contexts of
interaction states well. They understand the feelings
and needs of others, can express their thoughts and
feelings effectively, and adapt their behavior to
different contexts.
Medium level of social intelligence (n=82 /
71.3%)
- sometimes they put forward one or another
social idea, although the development of social
intelligence is not regular, it is manifested, it is
explicitly somewhat active, and tends to practicality.
Explicit individuals with medium social intelligence
may also be aware of their social skills but may have
some difficulty in applying them. However, they
understand well the object-subject context of the
interaction situation. They can be cautious in some
situations but are less active and consistent than those
with higher levels.
Low level of social intelligence (n=10 / 8.7%)
-
although he is not sufficiently grounded, he tends to
promote social initiative, his social intelligence is not
sufficiently demonstrated, and he does not tend to be
explicitly active, and inquisitive. Individuals with a
low level of explicit social intelligence may be less
aware of their interpersonal relationships. They may
have difficulty recognizing other people's feelings
and expressing their own. They may be less confident
in social situations and less proactive in improving
interpersonal relationships.
2. General characteristics
Let's review what a psychological analysis of the
effects of social situations of the explicit type with
social intelligence looks like:
Communication skills:
the explicit type with a
well-developed social intelligence can successfully
analyze and interpret the various verbal and non-
verbal aspects of communication in social situations.
This includes analyzing message tones, and word
choice, and using images to convey emotions.
Recognizing Emotions:
A person with a specific
type of social intelligence may have the ability to
recognize emotions in text and images, allowing them
to more accurately understand the emotional context
of interpersonal interactions.
Empathy:
Psychological analysis may prove that
a person with this type of social intelligence
demonstrates a high level of empathy in interpersonal
interactions and social environment, being able to
understand and empathize with and support the
feelings of others.
Critical Thinking:
Analyzing social media from
a specific perspective reveals the ability to think
critically about interpersonal interactions and news
and information content, leading to mostly informed
judgments and decisions.
Developing Relationships:
This type of person
can actively develop interpersonal relationships
based on a clear understanding of social norms and
relationships. Psychological analysis helps to
understand how such a person forms and manages
interpersonal relationships.
In general, for the explicit personality type with
well-developed social intelligence, psychological
analysis
focuses
on
conscious
skills
and
understanding of social dynamics in a real
interpersonal environment, as well as how these
aspects of interaction affect the development of social
competence and relationships.
Implicit type (social norms and experiences are
not clearly expressed, closed, or hidden)
An implicit personality type with well-developed
social intelligence has intuitive abilities to
communicate with other people and perceive social
situations. It can also mean that skills and intuition are
developed in the field of interpersonal relations, but
they may not always be recognized by the mind.
1.
According to the development of a
person's social intelligence:
High level of social intelligence (n=30 / 26.1%)
-
an implicit person with a highly developed social
intelligence is a person who is regularly active in the
implementation of various social initiatives, has a
strongly developed intuitive ability, and therefore is
implicitly very active, a social predictor. They
understand the object-subject and subject-personality
contexts of the interaction situation very well. These
individuals may prove a high level of intuition and
sensitivity to nonverbal cues. They can unconsciously
"read" the feelings and needs of others, which enables
them to communicate effectively in social situations.
These skills can be developed through extensive
experience
and
observation
of
interpersonal
interactions.
Medium level of social intelligence (n=73 /
63.5%)
- sometimes puts forward one or another
social idea, although the development of social
intelligence is not regular, it is manifested, it is
implicitly somewhat active, and tends to practicality.
Individuals of the implicit type with moderate social
intelligence may also display some voluntary skills in
interpersonal interactions, but less intensively and
consistently than those with higher levels. However,
they understand the subject-personality context of the
interaction situation well. They may have a sense of
tact and adapt to different situations, but may not
always be able to accurately recognize non-verbal
cues.
Low level of social intelligence (n=12 / 10.4%)
-
although it is not sufficiently grounded, it tends to
promote social initiative, its social intelligence is not
sufficiently manifested, and it is implicitly poorly
developed. Implicit-type individuals with low social
intelligence may have difficulty in automatically
repeating social skills and responses. They may be
less sensitive to non-verbal cues and other people's
emotional states. This is because they do not
understand the contexts of object-object and subject-
personality in interpersonal interaction states. As a
result, they may show less confidence in social
situations.
2. General characteristics
This type of psychological analysis can focus on
how these skills manifest and how they can be further
developed. Consider a psychological analysis of the
impact of social situations on this type:
Intuitive Interactions:
An implicit personality
type with well-developed social intelligence may
exhibit intuitive abilities in perceiving the emotions
and moods of others in social interpersonal
interactions. It can manifest intuitive empathy. That
is, he can intuitively understand the feelings and
experiences of others, even if he does not always
actively analyze them. A psychological analysis can
reveal the way such a person perceives and responds
to emotional signals.
Intuitive Effectiveness:
People of this type may
have the ability to manage conflicts and build good
relationships, but this may be on an intuitive level.
Analysis can reveal what strategies a person uses to
succeed in interpersonal situations.
Implicit Understanding of Social Norms:
A
person of this type may follow social norms and rules
intuitively, but may not always know which norms
they are applying. Psychological analysis helps to
determine which generally accepted norms and
values influence the behavior of a particular person.
Formation of the Intuitive Relationship:
People
of this type can intuitively form interpersonal
relationships based on their sense of inner harmony
and dynamics. This allows them to determine how to
imitate other people's communication patterns and
emotional expressions.
In general, for the implicit personality type with
well-developed social intelligence, psychological
analysis
examines
the
intuitive
aspects
of
interpersonal skills and methods of interaction, as
well as what strategies and approaches allow this
person to successfully interact in a social
environment.
CONCLUSIONS
In psychology, personality types theoretically have
been developed, which allow to identification of the
stable necessary conditions that ensure the
development of a person as factors of social
intelligence, and also help to understand the
characteristics of each person, and his life tendency.
The typological classification of a person is
determined by the frequency of typical directions of
behavior and methods of understanding and divided
into 4 psycho types that differ in the function and
level of social intelligence:
imperative, declarative,
explicit
, and
implicit types
:
1. Among the social intelligence cluster indicators of
the
imperative type
of personality, the following
factors are more correlated with the factors of
interpersonal interaction, self-management, and
interpersonal relationship management.
2.
The declarative type
of the person has a
correlational relationship with the factors of
understanding non-verbal behavior, understanding
verbal expression, and social awareness.
3.
Explicit type of personality
: self-control, has a
correlational
relationship
with
interpersonal
interaction factors.
4.
Implicit type of personality:
correlational
relations between the factors of self-awareness, self-
management, and understanding of the thoughts of
the participant in communication have been
determined
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