ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 6 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
642
EDUCATIONAL IDEAS AND SOCIAL VIEWS OF AHMAD DONISH
Akhmedova Zebiniso Azizovna
Head of Department of Social Sciences
Bukhara state medical institute.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11898923
Abstract.
In this article, the author analyzes the contribution of Ahmad Donish in
describing the socio-political system in the Bukhara Emirate in the historical work of Ahmad
Donish “History of the Mangyt Dynasty”, the range of problems and current issues. Two works
by Ahmad Donish are devoted mainly to problems of history and public administration. The main
factors in the formation of educational and realistic prose, as well as the influence of political and
educational ideas of the 19th and early 20th centuries on the formation and development of artistic
prose in Eastern literature are also explored.
Key words:
dynasty, social status, political system, description, analysis, mangyts,
historical work
ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ИДЕИ И СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ВЗГЛЯДЫ АХМАДА ДОНИША
Аннотация.
В данной статье автор анализирует вклад Ахмада Дониша в описании
общественно-политического строя в Бухарском эмирате в историческом труде Ахмада
Дониша «История династии Мангыт», круг проблем и актуальных вопросов. Две работы
Ахмада Дониша посвящены преимущественно проблемам истории и государственного
управления. Также исследуются основные факторы формирования учебной и
реалистической прозы, а также влияние политических и просветительских идей XIX -
начала XX веков на формирование и развитие художественной прозы в восточной
литературе.
Ключевые слова:
династия, социальный статус, политическая система, описание,
анализ, мангыты, исторический труд.
"Taj-at tawarikh" by Muhammad Sharif bin Naql on the history of the rulers of Mang'it,
"Futhot-i amir Shah Murad dar Iron" by Muhammad Sadiq Munshi Bukhari, who was a court poet
and historian during the reign of Amir Haidar, "Zafarnomai" by an unknown author. Khusravi",
unlike Mir Olim Bukhari's "Fathnomai Sultani", Ahmed Donish's "Brief History of Bukhara
Mangits" is a sharp difference from the works written with the aim of receiving praise and emir's
award, which are present in almost all the works of that time. did
Ahmad Donish is a scientist and thinker who created on the threshold of the 19th and 20th
centuries. He actively contributed to the development of Eastern historical-philosophical thinking.
He left behind a rich scientific and literary heritage - naturalistic, philosophical and historical
works.
For Ahmad Donish, the founder of the enlightenment (modernism) movement in
Turkestan, the conquest of Central Asia by the Russian Empire, the clash of civilizations is an
impetus for the realization of the pains and problems of his country, and the emergence of the idea
of self-realization. . He was one of the first to realize how much the emirate lags behind Russia
and European countries. He considered the reason for the backwardness to be the obvious
ignorance of the officials and state leaders, as well as the improper implementation of the education
ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 6 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
643
and training system. He angrily writes that intelligent thoughts do not reach the ears and that they
are engaged in only four things: eating and drinking, littering, collecting and riding a horse ("from
khordan, ridan, jamaa kardan and asp davandan" Among the works mentioned above, Donish's
"Brief History of the Bukhara Emirs" is undoubtedly the most prominent and significant. (1885-
1910) the beginning of the reign, that is, the events that happened before the author's eyes and he
was a witness 'focused.
"Brief History of Bukhara Mangit Amirs" became known much later than the time it was
written. Now it is difficult to say how familiar this work was to the author's contemporaries,
because for a long time there was no mention of this work. It is not shown in any of the tazkiras.
Even though S. Ayni was personally acquainted with Ahmed Donish and considered
himself his student, he does not mention this work anywhere. Only in 1936, E. Ye. Bertels reported
for the first time that he managed to find the manuscript of A. Donish's hitherto unknown work.
Bertels called it "Treatise" ("Trisol") and gave a brief summary of it in his work.
In 1946, S.U. Ulugzada briefly described the content of this work in his research. The
scientific community is familiar with some works of Donish's work, and as a result of scientists'
research, a number of manuscripts belonging to Donish's pen were found. In 1959, the first printed
edition of Donish's work prepared by R. Hodizoda in new Tajik graphics was published with a
number of abbreviations.
It should be noted that the title "Risola or a brief history of the Bukhara mangit emirs" is
conditional. In the tazkiras and poems of Donish's contemporaries or those who lived after him,
only Donish's poetic works and his famous "Navodir ul-wakoe" are mentioned, but as noted above,
no information is given about "The Treatise".
E. Ye. Bertels, who made a great contribution to the discovery of this work, calls it
"Biography of the Holy Bukhara Emirs" and comments: "I think that this title was added later,
after the treatise was written. The author himself simply called it "The Treatise".
"Risola" is a valuable and interesting historical work of the end of the 19th century, but it
is unparalleled in its content. Traditionally, it can be divided into two parts that differ in size and
importance. In the short first part, the author narrates only the events he heard or received from
written sources. It contains brief information about the last years of the reign of Emir Daniyar and
the reign of three emirs - Shahmurad, Haydar and Nasrullah.
It should be noted that Ahmad Donish does not cite the sources from which he got his
information. Only two historical works are mentioned in the entire "Treatise": "Tuzuki Timuri" a
thirteenth century work of incarnation and "Rawzat al-Safa" works of the nineteenth century.
According to scholars studying the historical works of Akhmed Donish, the currently
known historical works on the history of Mangits were written by local authors in the early or
middle of the 19th century.
Donish's "Risola" differs from the mentioned works of his contemporaries by the fact that
the events in it are given much more widely. In particular, Mirza Azim Somi cares little about the
problems of public administration. According to L.M. Yepifanova, the researcher of this historian's
work, Mirzo Somiy "never came out with a demand to reform the state structure of the Bukhara
Khanate and did not propose any innovations or reconstruction in social and political life."
ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 6 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
644
This is how these two authors evaluate the early years of Amir Muzaffar's reign. Sami: "At
the beginning of his reign, Amir Muzaffar made justice his banner and threw a veil of generosity
over himself. He treated the Amirs, Sipohis and other inhabitants of the state with various gifts
and mercy, and all classes were grateful to him. He performed commendable actions and displayed
good behavior."
However, Donish evaluates the current situation of the khanate as follows: "Amir
Muzaffar, who strengthened his position on the throne, dealt cruelly with the supporters of the
execution of the will. According to the will, the grandson who was supposed to be Nasrullah's heir
fled Bukhara and disappeared. Amir killed all his sons and grandsons, not one of them could escape
in any area. Soon after, he dismissed the ministers and other high-ranking officials appointed by
his father, confiscated their property, and appointed his loyal men in their place.
The army and the people were dissatisfied with these actions of the Amir."
When talking about the Sami emir, following the example of court historians, choosing
flattering expressions, he focuses on the details of military operations in the war with the Russians
and the neighboring khanates, while Donish gives a broader picture of the situation in the emirate.
gives information.
The name of Ahmad Donish remained unknown to Russian and Western European travelers
and researchers of that time who were in Central Asia at the end of the 19th century and the
beginning of the 20th century. The first Russian and European historians of the Bukhara khanate -
Vambery, Khanikov, and others - created at the same time as Akhmed Donish, but did not provide
information about his works. Even major experts on Central Asia, such as V.V. Bartold and P.P.
Ivanov, ignored the historical source "A Brief History of the Mangit Dynasty".
The author of the book "History of the Peoples of Uzbekistan", professor A.A. Semenov
uses Risola as a historical source. S.U. Researchers such as Ulugzoda, A.M. Mirzoev, R.Kh.
Khodizoda, Z.Sh. Radjabov, A. Bogoutdinov, B. Gofurov have given information about the great
political significance of this work in their research and have given high marks to the treatise. A.M.
Mirzoev comments on the brochure: "This work does not raise the issue of reforming state
institutions, on the contrary, the problems and shortcomings of the emirate are objectively
revealed." R.H. Hadizoda, in his preface to the Russian edition of the treatise, states that it is
"dedicated to the analysis of the history of the rule of the Mangit dynasty." "aimed at criticizing
the entire political system of the emirate."
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ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 6 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
645
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