ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 6 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
646
SOCIO-POLITICAL VIEWS IN AHMAD DONISH'S "HISTORY OF THE MANGIT
DYNASTY"
Akhmedova Zebiniso Azizovna
Head of Department of Social Sciences
Bukhara state medical institute.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11900295
Abstract.
In this article, the author explores the socio-political views in the historical work
of Ahmad Donish “History of the Mangyt Dynasty”, the range of problems and current issues.
Two works by Ahmad Donish are devoted mainly to problems of history and public administration.
This is, first of all, “Nawadir-ul-Waqe”, which is the main and most important part of the
“Political Treatise”, and “it ranks first both in the time of its creation and in its significance.”
Key words:
dynasty, social status, political system, description, analysis, mangyts,
historical work.
СОЦИАЛЬНО-ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ВЗГЛЯДЫ В «ИСТОРИИ ДИНАСТИИ
МАНГИТА» АХМАДА ДОНИША
Аннотация.
В данной статье автор исследует общественно-политические взгляды
в историческом труде Ахмада Дониша «История династии Мангыт», круг проблем и
актуальные вопросы. Две работы Ахмада Дониша посвящены преимущественно
проблемам истории и государственного управления. Это, прежде всего, «Навадир-уль-
Ваке», который является главной и важнейшей частью «Политического трактата» и «он
занимает первое место как по времени своего создания, так и по своему значению».
Ключевые слова:
династия, социальный статус, политическая система, описание,
анализ, мангыты, исторический труд.
Currently, in the Bukhara State Museum-Reserve, Ahmad Donish's draft and original copy
of "Mukhtasare az tarikhi sultanati khandano mangitiya" (written in the last years of his life) and
"Navodirul waqoe" written by his own hand (i.e. the first book of 1880) is preserved.
The work "Mukhtasare az tarikhi sultanati khanadoni mangitiya" dedicated to the history
of Bukhara emirs (the book is also called "Risela" and "Tarikhcha") begins with the description of
the planets, and in the following places Bukhara mangit management and military policy of the
emirs, dedicated to memories of a trip to Russia. The original copy of this work kept in the Bukhara
Museum has its own history. On September 26, 1959, this book was accepted into the oriental
manuscripts fund of the museum by Ahmed Kasimzada, an employee of the Bukhara Museum.
Muhiddinov from Bukhara gave the book to the museum. And the book was a souvenir
from his grandfather Qazi Saidahmadi Bukhari. This can be seen from the two seals on the last
pages of the book. At one time, Ahmadi was a close friend of Porina. In this regard, the author
presented his work to the judge. The book consists of 48 pages and is written in the "shikasta" type
of the nastalyq letter. The name of the work and the time of writing are not written anywhere. But
in other excerpts, this work is given the above title.
Ahmed Donish's philosophical analysis of state management and political government
affairs has kept up with the times and has not lost its relevance to this day. For example, Donish
described Amir Daniyol in his pamphlet "A Brief History of Bukhara Mangites": "In the last years
ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 6 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
647
of his reign, he distanced himself from state affairs and gave power to his sons so that they would
not observe that he was conducting his administration based on Sharia laws. and distributed to
regional governors. Amir Daniel's sons betrayed him. "Also, the never-ending disparate taxes
naturally fell on the ordinary, hardworking people," he tries to show the basis of the state's decline.
However, it should also be noted that Ahmad Donish did not live in the time of Amir
Daniyal, so he obtained this information from the works of historians and thinkers who lived before
him.
In addition, Ahmad Donish gave information about Amir Shahmurad in the introduction of
this work and said, "Renovators of religion come to the world every millennium and centenary.
During the renewal period of the religion every hundred years, the first fifty years will be
a rapid development and the religion will be strengthened. In the remaining fifty years, there will
be a retreat from religion. Therefore, the renovator of this twelfth century is Amir Ma'sum - Amir
Shahmurad. At the same time, in the history of Movarounnahr, starting from Amir Temur, he
mentions the names of "renovators of religion" every hundred years.
Ahmad Donish, in his pamphlet "Brief History of Bukhara Mangites", critically covered
the political processes during the era of Emir Muzaffar and revealed the chaos in the country's
administrative management. For example, people named Sherali, Yaqub, Muhammadshah,
Durbin, Salimbiy, Barotbek, who studied with the emir, organized their own groups and occupied
high positions in the Bukhara Emirate, where they rose to power. regretfully reports that
lawlessness and violence have escalated in the country and caused the discontent of the people.
Ahmed Donish admitted that during the reign of Emir Muzaffar, who took the throne of
Bukhara from Karmana, oppression in the country increased, farmers were taxed heavily, and no
one heard the people's complaints, which is why the decline of the country accelerated.
In the first years of Amir Muzaffar's reign, he gathered an army from the property left by
his father and marched to Hisar and Kokhan and occupied several places by force. Disobedient
citizens are executed or captured. Proud of this success, the emir tries to subjugate Sharia laws to
his will, not recognizing anyone but himself. People are imprisoned even for minor violations, the
minimum term of imprisonment is from three to seven years. People were thrown into prison for
any small crime. In this way, the dungeons were filled with prisoners, and in order to free the
dungeon, they took the prisoners out of the dungeon and executed them in groups. Especially
during the time of the emir's father, the emir used to kill people loyal to Nasrullah and appropriate
their property. He separated the common people and the slaves from the beginning. Ahmed
Donish, who saw these events with his own eyes, expressed his opinion saying "Amir Muzaffar is
stupid and short-sighted...", "During the reign of this mindless and bloodthirsty emir...".
Mirza Abdulazim Sami, unlike Ahmad Donish, was afraid to express his thoughts openly,
"During the early period of Amir Muzaffar's rule, he wore the robe of justice and generosity. He
treated other citizens of the country with amirs and soldiers with various gifts and treated them
gently. "He had praiseworthy and good-natured qualities," he said.
Ahmad Donish openly explained the guilt of the emir, Tsarist Russia, and the khanate in
the decline of the country. Ahmad Donish expressed his opinion about the occupation of the
Khanate by the side of Tsarist Russia, and said that when Tashkent was under siege by the
ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 6 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
648
Russians, Amir Muzaffar marched to Kogan, "It is shameful and shameful to oppose the Russians.
"If I go against them, I will go straight to Moscow on my horse," he says with surprise.
As a result, as a result of the emir's reckless march to Kokhan, Tashkent was easily lost.
He spends one hundred thousand coins and twenty months from the treasury to build a
protective wall as a border from Bukhara to Jizzakh so that the Russians do not threaten the
territories of the Bukhara Emirate. Jizzakh stationed a number of troops around him and appointed
Yaqub Qushbegi, who had never heard a gunshot in his life, had absolutely no knowledge of the
military, and had never seen a battlefield, as the defense commander. As a result, he notes that
soon Samarkand easily fell into the hands of the Russians.
Due to the wrong decision of the emir, an order was given to build fortress walls around
Jizzakh, and military garrisons were established, as if to stop the Russian troops. The appointment
of Yaqub Kushbegi, who had never heard a gunshot in his life, as the commander-in-chief
worsened the situation. The soldiers were also ashamed to fight with such a leader. But while the
thinker dwells on the conquest of the Bukhara Emirate in this way, he does not mention the military
clashes between the Bukhara and Russian troops, especially the clashes in Kattakurgan,
Panjshambe and Zirabulok.
In his treatise, Ahmad Donish discusses the disturbances in the emirate during the reign of
Amir Daniyal, the management system of Amir Shahmurad, some events during the reign of Amir
Haidar, the reign of Amir Husayn, Amir Umar, one of Amir Haidar's sons, Amir Nasrullah's
seizure of power, Amir Muzaffar's management methods and highlights some events during the
reign of Amir Abdulahad Khan.
Ahmad Donish's two works are mainly devoted to the problems of history and state
administration. This is, first of all, Nawadir-ul-Waqe, which is the main and most important part
of the "Political treatise", and "it takes the first place both in terms of the time of its creation and
in terms of its importance. "Nawadir-ul-Waqa'" occupies the main place among the chapters, and
the topic in it is one of the main reasons that prompted the thinker to write the entire book.
Secondly, the Treatise is a historical source for the period in which the thinker lived.
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ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientific journal
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649
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