ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 12 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
156
CULTURE AND HISTORY OF COUNTRIES
M.T. Ziyadullayeva
Samarkand Institute of Economics and Service.
Assistant Teacher.
G‘aybullayev A.A.
Banking and Finance Facultety, Banking, Student.
asadbekgaybullayev992@gmail.com
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14306832
Abstract.
Asia is an integral part of world civilization with its rich culture and deep
historical roots. This article is devoted to the study of the main aspects of culture and historical
heritage characteristic of various peoples of the Asian region. The customs, religious traditions,
art and architectural monuments of the peoples of East Asia, South Asia, Central Asia and the
Middle East are analyzed. At the same time, historical processes, including the formation of
ancient civilizations, great empires, trade routes and cultural connections, and their impact on
today will be highlighted. The article reveals the contribution of cultural diversity and interaction
of different peoples to the global heritage. Thus, it provides an opportunity for a deeper
understanding of the cultural and historical wealth of the Asian region.
Keywords:
Culture and history, Silk Road, Cultural communication, civilization, Great
Wall, Central Asia, President, UNESCO.
КУЛЬТУРА И ИСТОРИЯ СТРАН
Аннотация.
Азия является неотъемлемой частью мировой цивилизации со своей
богатой культурой и глубокими историческими корнями. Данная статья посвящена
изучению основных аспектов культуры и исторического наследия, характерных для
различных народов азиатского региона. Анализируются обычаи, религиозные традиции,
памятники искусства и архитектуры народов Восточной Азии, Южной Азии, Средней
Азии и Ближнего Востока. При этом будут освещены исторические процессы, в том числе
формирование древних цивилизаций, великих империй, торговых путей и культурных
связей, а также их влияние на сегодняшний день. В статье раскрывается вклад
культурного разнообразия и взаимодействия разных народов в мировое наследие. Таким
образом, это дает возможность более глубокого понимания культурного и исторического
богатства азиатского региона.
Ключевые слова:
Культура и история, Шелковый путь, Культурная коммуникация,
цивилизация, Великая стена, Центральная Азия, Президент, ЮНЕСКО.
Asia, the cradle of ancient civilizations and the heart of modern innovation, stands as a
testament to humanity's boundless creativity and resilience. Spanning vast landscapes and home
to a kaleidoscope of peoples, this continent weaves a rich tapestry of culture and history,
unmatched in its diversity and depth. From the majestic Great Wall of China to the intricate
temples of Angkor Wat, from the timeless philosophies of Confucius and Buddha to the bustling
bazaars of the Silk Road, Asia's legacy is both enduring and ever-evolving.
Every corner of Asia tells a story—of empires that rose and fell, traditions that have endured for
millennia, and societies that continue to shape the global stage.
ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 12 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
157
This article invites you on a journey to explore the essence of Asian culture and history,
celebrating the continent's profound influence on the arts, sciences, and spirituality, and its
enduring impact on the world today.
In addition, in this article, I will highlight the history and culture of several countries in
Asia, comparing them to each other. To what extent ancient history and culture have been
preserved till now and how much they have changed today and how much people are preserving
the culture of their country.
The history of Asian countries is very rich and diverse and played an important role in the
formation of human civilization. Asia is the largest continent in the world and has witnessed the
development of various peoples, cultures and states. Below is a brief history of Asian countries:
Ancient times:
1.
Mesopotamia: Mesopotamia (now Iraq) is one of the oldest civilizations in the world.
The states of Sumer, Akkad, Babylon and Assyria were founded here in the 4th millennium
BC.
2. Indus Valley Civilization: In the ancient history of India, the cities of Harappa and
Mohenjo-Daro occupy an important place. This civilization flourished in 2500-1500 BC.
3. China: Ancient civilizations developed in China in 2000 BC. The states founded by the
Shan and Zhou dynasties appeared here.
Middle Ages:
1. The rise of the Islamic world: With the emergence of Islam in the 7th century, a large
part of Asia became part of the Muslim world. The Abbasid Caliphate turned Baghdad into a
cultural center.
2. China and Central Asia: Economic and cultural development took place in China during
the Tang and Sun dynasties. Turkic peoples and trade routes, including the Great Silk Road,
developed in Central Asia.
3. Mongol Empire: In the 13th century, under the leadership of Genghis Khan, the Mongol
Empire was founded and united a large part of Asia and Europe.
A new era:
1. Colonial period: in the 17th-19th centuries, many regions of Asia were colonized by
European countries. India came under the control of Great Britain, and Southeast Asia fell under
the influence of France and the Netherlands.
2. Movements of national revival: movements for independence began in Asian countries
at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, and many countries gained
independence during the 20th century.
Central Asian countries also have their own history and culture. We can say that they are
developing countries over the years, and we know from history that the culture and faith of Central
Asian countries are different. That is why today the commonwealth and unity of these countries
have been preserved and a number of international meetings have been held in recent years.
President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Miromonovich Mirziyoyev delivered a
speech at the meeting between Central Asian countries: We are united by a common history and
culture, a single holy religion, similar mentality, spiritual and moral values and traditions, as well
as inseparable friendship are closely linked.
ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 12 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
158
All this serves as a solid foundation for our mutually beneficial cooperation aimed at
unifying the potential of the Central Asian countries for the prosperity and development of our
peoples, he said. [1]
It is known from history that in ancient times slaves were considered the main labor force
in every continent and country, especially their military personnel. "In the sources related to the
period of the Arab conquest of Central Asia, it is mentioned that there were many slaves in Sogd
at that time, that is, at the beginning of the eighth century. However, the main labor force is made
up of urban and rural workers. In the source, peasants are called "n'R" or "mrtymkt" (people). The
name "rkr'kt" is also found, which means forced laborer. It is also mentioned that there was a class
called "mr'z" who worked for a fee. During this period, peasants became part of the free, i.e., ruling
class, and they are mentioned as large land owners and rulers of large regions. Because there were
military groups called "chokars" under their command. The Chinese traveler Xuan Xiang in his
source about Samarkand describes the peasants and their soldiers of that time and says: "Their
army is powerful, it is made up of Chokars. Chokars are so brave that they are willing to face
death." they are treated like returning home. That is why no one can resist them in battle and cannot
block their paths" (Saidov Sh.J. History of Central Asian Nations- History (history of the peoples
of Central Asia) field of study according to the saying in the East: "Sitting is a mat, walking is a
river." [5] Movement is life, travel, globalization has always been the driving force of
development. This intercontinental trade route, the largest in human history, connected Europe and
Asia and in the past stretched from the ancient Roman state to Nara, the ancient capital of Japan.
Of course, trade between the East and the West was a thing of the past. The Great Silk
Road is a trade route connecting the East and the West in ancient times, a unique event in the
history of human development, its desire to unite and exchange cultural values, to reach markets
for the sale of products and living space. Before sea and ocean routes were opened, these roads
gained importance. [4]
The Chinese have done what no other country in the world has done, that is, we know from
history that it is the Great Wall of China. The Great Wall of China is the longest structure in the
world built to protect the northern regions of China from invasion. Its construction began in the
7th century BC, and the largest part was restored during the Ming Dynasty. Its total length is about
21,196 km and it is made of clay, stone and brick. The wall has guard towers and observation
points for protection. It was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List and is now a popular
tourist destination. It is also known as "the largest cemetery in the world".
About 2 million tourists visit every year to see the "Stone Belt", which shows off the power
of "The Land of the Underworld". Thousands of soldiers once marched over the Great Wall of
China, a military defense structure built to protect the country from invaders, but now they have
been replaced by tourists who came to see this unique monument of history with their own eyes.
[2]
Cultural communication between China and Uzbekistan the revival of the New Silk Road,
which with the New Asia-Europe Bridge as the main div, has had an increasingly far-reaching
impact on the economic development of China, Central Asia, and even the world. Uzbekistan is a
neighbor of China and located in the northwest of China. Thousands of years ago, the ancient Silk
Road connected China and Uzbekistan and opened the prelude to friendly exchanges.
ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 12 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
159
Zhang Qian of the Western Han Dynasty, Xuan Zang of the Tang Dynasty, and Chen Cheng
of the Ming Dynasty all visited Uzbekistan as ambassadors. The famous works of Uzbek
celebrities such as Navoiy, Mirza Uluqbek, and Al-Xorazmiy had been also widely circulated in
China. Since the establishment of Uzbekistan, China and Uzbekistan have been committed to joint
development.
Uzbekistan and China established a strategic partnership, which providing a guarantee for
deepening mutually beneficial cooperation. When Chinese President Xi Jinping visited Central
Asia, based on the concept of ancient Silk Road, he proposed to use innovative models to jointly
build a “Silk Road Economic Belt to provide economic development with the vast number of
developing countries in Eurasia. The two sides established a comprehensive strategic partnership.
[6]
The Great Silk Road is an ancient "Great Road of Culture" that opened the way to study
the achievements of the spiritual culture of the peoples of the West and the East. In this way, great
achievements in science, art, and literature were shared. The customs and traditions of the
neighboring foreign nations of the East were combined, and a new high culture was created. Due
to mutual relations, the inhabitants of the earth exerted a strong positive influence on each other,
and each improved the spirituality of the other, enriched and filled its culture. In particular,
Shashmaqom Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, Navruz holiday Azerbaijan, India, Iran, Kyrgyzstan,
Pakistan, Turkey and Uzbekistan, which is included in the representative list of intangible cultural
heritage of humanity today. based on the fact that the Great Silk Road shared the values and
traditions of different nations and peoples with each other is evidence.
In short, Asian countries are one of the oldest and richest regions of the world with culture
and history, and contain a huge cultural, historical and geographical diversity. Many civilizations
were formed and developed in this area. The history and culture of Asia is a great heritage for the
whole world and has had an indelible impact on the civilization of mankind.
REFERENCES
1.
Congratulatory speech of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev at
the opening ceremony of the twelfth international music festival "Sharq taronalari"
2.
Franz Kafka, "The News of the Building of the Wall: A Fragment," in Franz Kafka: The
Complete Stories (New York: Schocken Books, 1971), p.
3.
file:///C:/Users/UseR/Downloads/Telegram%20Desktop/2024-6-4.pdf
4.
Ganieva I. History of music of Eastern countries. Tashkent, 2010.
5.
Study guide. -T.: TDSHI, 2010. -140 p..
6.
Zhang Hui. The logic of tourism. Beijing: Beijing Tourism Education Press, 2021, p158.
