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HYPOTHYROIDISM: PRINCIPLES OF MODERN DIAGNOSTICS AND
TREATMENT
Narzilloyeva Malika Shuhrat qizi
Department of Fundamental Medical Sciences of the
Asian International University, Bukhara, Uzbekistan.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14543363
Abstract
. Thyroid hormones support metabolic processes in our div. A change in their
concentration in the blood leads to digestive disorders and disrupts the functioning of the
cardiovascular and nervous systems.
Hypothyroidism is a common pathology that leads to serious complications. They can
significantly reduce the quality of life of a child and an adult. At the same time, this disease is easy
to control with replacement therapy.
Keywords:
Thyroid hormones, menstrual irregularities, convulsions, thyroid gland.
ГИПОТИРЕОЗ: ПРИНЦИПЫ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ДИАГНОСТИКИ И ЛЕЧЕНИЯ
Аннотация.
Гормоны щитовидной железы поддерживают обменные процессы в
нашем организме. Изменение их концентрации в крови приводит к расстройствам
пищеварения, нарушает работу сердечно-сосудистой и нервной систем.
Гипотиреоз — распространенная патология, которая приводит к серьезным
осложнениям. Они могут значительно снизить качество жизни ребенка и взрослого
человека.
При этом это заболевание легко контролируется заместительной терапией.
Ключевые слова:
Гормоны щитовидной железы, нарушения менструального цикла,
судороги, щитовидная железа.
Hypothyroidism is a constant decrease in the concentration of thyroid hormones (thyroxine
- T4, triiodothyronine - T3) in the blood, or a decrease in tissue sensitivity to them. As a result, all
processes for which hormones are responsible slow down: energy metabolism; protein synthesis;
brain activity. As a result of metabolic disorders, all cells of the div lack energy, so the
functioning of all organs and systems deteriorates. The disease may be caused by a lack of iodine
and selenium, a decrease in the secretory activity of the thyroid gland or insufficient secretion of
hormones from the hypothalamic-pituitary system.
Symptoms of hypothyroidism
Symptoms of hypothyroidism include:
•
weakness,
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•
apathy,
•
fatigue;
•
constant drowsiness during the day and insomnia at night;
•
unreasonable weight gain;
•
dry and sagging skin,
•
hair loss;
•
frequent constipation;
•
loss of appetite;
•
menstrual irregularities;
•
both men and women experience a decrease in libido;
•
convulsions.
Causes of hypothyroidism:
There are the following forms of hypothyroidism:
primary - caused by a decrease in the secretory activity of the thyroid gland;
secondary, caused by a decrease in the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone by the
pituitary gland - a stimulator of the thyroid gland;
tertiary, caused by a decrease in the secretion of thyrotropin-releasing factor by the
hypothalamus - a stimulator of TSH production;
peripheral - with normal concentrations of hormones in the blood, tissues remain
insensitive to them.
Secondary and tertiary hypothyroidism are extremely rare; their cause is aplasia
(developmental pathology) or destruction of secretory cells of the hypothalamic-pituitary system.
They may be caused by genetic changes - congenital hypothyroidism.
Most often, hypothyroidism is diagnosed in patients over 40 years of age. Women are more
susceptible to this disease. The hereditary factor is important. If one of the close relatives has been
diagnosed with a similar disease, then these patients are in the high-risk zone. Primary
hypothyroidism can manifest itself weakly, moderately or severely.
Causes of primary hypothyroidism:
deficiency of iodine and selenium;
surgical removal of the thyroid gland or part thereof;
destruction of an organ by a tumor;
exposure to radioactive iodine;
past thyroiditis - inflammation of the thyroid gland.
Complications of hypothyroidism if left untreated or with improper self-medication. The
extreme manifestation of hypothyroidism in children is cretinism, in adults - myxedema.
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Cretinism is characterized by a delay in the mental and physical development of a child.
The musculoskeletal system suffers (short thick bones, cleft fontanelles, dwarfism), and
underdeveloped sexual characteristics. Mental and psychological status deteriorates depending on
the severity of the disease.
Diagnostics
Comprehensive diagnostics helps confirm the diagnosis. It includes laboratory
and instrumental testing methods. At the first appointment, the doctor: clarify the presence of
complaints, the time and features of symptom manifestation, ask about concomitant diseases and
factors preceding the onset of pathological symptoms;
examine the condition of the skin, visible mucous membranes, nails and scalp;
palpates the thyroid gland to identify tenderness, determine its size and detect neoplasms.
Laboratory tests to detect hypothyroidism:
level of TSH, T3, T4 in the blood;
general and biochemical blood test;
level of autoantibodies to the thyroid gland;
levels of estradiol, progesterone and testosterone.
Instrumental diagnostic methods:
Ultrasound of the thyroid gland;
electrocardiography;
CT, MRI of the head;
scintigraphy;
thyroid biopsy.
Treatment of hypothyroidism
In each case, the endocrinologist prescribes a treatment
regimen individually, taking into account the results of laboratory tests and ultrasound. As a rule,
therapeutic treatment is carried out aimed at normalizing the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone
and the function of the thyroid gland. That is, the deficiency of those hormones that the organ is
unable to produce or produces in insufficient quantities for the div is compensated.
If after the first course of L-thyroxine the therapeutic effect is not achieved, the dose is
increased to 100 mcg/day. Control tests are carried out - the patient again gives blood for testing
according to TSH indicators
Prevention
Prevention of hypothyroidism includes proper and complete nutrition, taking into account
sufficient iodine intake - an important element for the normal functioning of the thyroid gland.
Regular medical examinations are also important, especially in the presence of provoking
factors and patients with a hereditary burden. They will help identify thyroid disorders at an early
stage and take measures to prevent the progression of the disease.
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Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation measures after surgery include standard restrictions. It is necessary to refrain
from overheating and hypothermia, protect the neck from direct sunlight, and avoid visiting
solariums. Physical activity, lifting weights, and bending forward are prohibited until the scars are
completely healed.
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