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THE ROLE OF THYROID HORMONES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT
Jo’rayeva Gulhayo Jalol qizi
Asian International University.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14901849
Abstract
. Thyroid hormones, specifically thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), play
critical roles in the development and growth of children, impacting various biological processes
such as brain development, metabolic regulation, bone growth, and thermoregulation. These
hormones, produced by the thyroid gland, regulate essential functions that contribute to the
normal development of the central nervous system (CNS), skeletal system, and overall div
metabolism. Disruptions in thyroid hormone production can lead to developmental delays and
other health problems in children. This paper reviews the importance of thyroid hormones in child
development, focusing on their effects on physical, cognitive, and metabolic growth, and the
consequences of thyroid hormone imbalances.
Key words:
Thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine(T3), cognitive,
Thermoregulation, Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism, neurogenesis, myelination.
РОЛЬ ГОРМОНОВ ЩИТОВИДНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ В РАЗВИТИИ РЕБЕНКА
Аннотация.
Гормоны щитовидной железы, в частности тироксин (Т4) и
трийодтиронин (Т3), играют важную роль в развитии и росте детей, влияя на различные
биологические процессы, такие как развитие мозга, регуляция метаболизма, рост костей
и терморегуляция. Эти гормоны, вырабатываемые щитовидной железой, регулируют
основные функции, которые способствуют нормальному развитию центральной нервной
системы (ЦНС), скелетной системы и общего метаболизма организма. Нарушения в
выработке гормонов щитовидной железы могут привести к задержкам развития и другим
проблемам со здоровьем у детей. В этой статье рассматривается важность гормонов
щитовидной железы в развитии ребенка, уделяя особое внимание их влиянию на
физический, когнитивный и метаболический рост, а также последствиям дисбаланса
гормонов щитовидной железы.
Ключевые слова:
гормоны щитовидной железы, тироксин (Т4), трийодтиронин
(Т3), когнитивные, терморегуляция, гипотиреоз, гипертиреоз, нейрогенез, миелинизация.
Introduction
The thyroid gland is a small but essential endocrine organ that influences many aspects of
human physiology, especially during childhood. The two primary thyroid hormones, thyroxine
(T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), regulate a wide range of div functions, from the metabolism of
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nutrients to the development of the brain and bones. In children, thyroid hormones are integral to
the regulation of metabolic processes, growth, and cognitive development. Therefore, maintaining
balanced levels of these hormones is critical for proper childhood development. The imbalance of
thyroid hormones, such as in hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, can have profound effects on
a child's health and growth.
Thyroid Hormones and Physical Growth
Thyroid hormones play a crucial role in regulating the metabolic rate and growth processes
in children. T3 and T4 regulate the synthesis of proteins, influence the maturation of various
tissues, and promote growth factors that aid in the development of bones, muscles, and internal
organs.
1.
Bone Growth and Skeletal Development:
One of the most significant roles of
thyroid hormones in childhood is their influence on bone growth. These hormones stimulate the
growth of long bones by promoting the elongation of the growth plates in the bones, which is
essential for proper skeletal development. A deficiency of thyroid hormones can lead to delayed
bone maturation, stunted growth, and skeletal abnormalities.
2.
Muscle Development:
Thyroid hormones also influence the development of
muscle mass and strength. These hormones promote protein synthesis in muscle tissue, which is
essential for muscle growth and strength. A deficiency or excess of thyroid hormones can result in
muscle weakness or, in the case of hyperthyroidism, muscle wasting and fatigue.
Thyroid Hormones and Cognitive Development
The most profound influence of thyroid hormones is observed in the development of the
brain and central nervous system (CNS). Thyroid hormones are vital for neurogenesis (formation
of new neurons), myelination (formation of the myelin sheath around nerve fibers), and the
development of synapses in the brain. These processes are essential for learning, memory, and
overall cognitive function.
1.
Neuronal Differentiation and Brain Development:
During fetal development and
the first years of life, thyroid hormones are critical for the development of the central nervous
system. These hormones support the differentiation of neural stem cells into specialized neurons
and glial cells, which form the building blocks of the CNS. Without adequate thyroid hormone
levels, the brain cannot develop properly, leading to cognitive impairments and developmental
delays.
2.
Cognitive and Behavioral Impact:
Adequate levels of thyroid hormones are
essential for normal cognitive development. A deficiency of thyroid hormones during early
childhood or even in utero can result in intellectual disabilities, reduced IQ, and developmental
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delays. Conversely, hyperthyroidism, where there is an excess of thyroid hormones, can lead to
behavioral problems such as hyperactivity, irritability, and concentration difficulties.
Thyroid Hormones and Metabolic Regulation
Thyroid hormones regulate energy metabolism by influencing the rate at which the div
burns calories and produces energy. These hormones help to maintain a balance between energy
intake, storage, and expenditure.
1.
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR):
Thyroid hormones directly affect the basal metabolic rate,
which is the amount of energy the div needs to maintain basic physiological functions. An
adequate BMR is crucial for energy homeostasis, which ensures that the div has enough energy
to support growth, development, and physical activity. An imbalance in thyroid hormone
production can lead to either a hypermetabolic (increased energy expenditure) or hypometabolic
(decreased energy expenditure) state.
2.
Thermoregulation:
Thyroid hormones also play an essential role in regulating div
temperature. They influence heat production and help maintain a stable div temperature. In
children, especially in infants and toddlers, thyroid hormone imbalances can lead to difficulty in
temperature regulation, making them more susceptible to extreme cold or heat.
Thyroid Hormone Imbalance: Effects on Growth and Development
An imbalance in thyroid hormone production—whether hypothyroidism (underproduction of
thyroid hormones) or hyperthyroidism (overproduction of thyroid hormones)—can have a severe
impact on a child’s physical and cognitive development. The most common thyroid disorders in
children are hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.
1.
Hypothyroidism:
Hypothyroidism, where the thyroid gland produces insufficient amounts
of thyroid hormones, is one of the most common endocrine disorders in children. If left untreated,
hypothyroidism can cause growth delays, cognitive impairments, and developmental delays. In
infants, untreated hypothyroidism can lead to irreversible mental retardation, which is why routine
screening for hypothyroidism in newborns is essential.
Treatment for hypothyroidism typically involves thyroid hormone replacement therapy,
which restores normal thyroid hormone levels and promotes proper development. Early diagnosis
and treatment are critical for ensuring that children with hypothyroidism reach their full potential.
2.
Hyperthyroidism:
Hyperthyroidism, characterized by excessive production of thyroid
hormones, can lead to an overactive metabolism and a variety of symptoms, including rapid heart
rate, weight loss, irritability, and fatigue. In children, hyperthyroidism is often caused by an
autoimmune disorder known as Graves' disease, in which the immune system attacks the thyroid
gland.
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Untreated hyperthyroidism can lead to serious complications, including growth retardation,
heart problems, and behavioral disturbances. Treatment options include medications to block
thyroid hormone production, radioactive iodine therapy to shrink the thyroid gland, and in some
cases, surgery to remove part of the thyroid.
Conclusion
Thyroid hormones are essential for proper growth, development, and metabolic regulation
in children. Adequate levels of thyroid hormones are critical for normal bone growth, cognitive
development, and metabolic function. Imbalances in these hormones, such as in hypothyroidism
or hyperthyroidism, can result in significant health problems, including growth retardation,
cognitive impairments, and behavioral issues. Early detection and treatment of thyroid disorders
are crucial to ensuring optimal growth and development in children. Parents and healthcare
providers must be vigilant in monitoring thyroid function to ensure healthy development in
children.
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