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THE ORIGIN, DIAGNOSIS AND MODERN CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF
CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS IN A MODERN INTERPRETATION
¹Mamatov Yusufjon
²Sharipov Shahbozbek
³Razzakova Nozimaxon
¹'²'³Samarkand State Medical University, DKTF, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology
and Functional Diagnostics, 2nd year clinical residents.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14976900
The urgency of the problem:
As a result, the disease is often diagnosed at an advanced
stage in these countries, and many people die from CVD and other noncommunicable diseases at
a younger age, often in the most productive years of life. At least three-quarters of deaths from
cardiovascular disease worldwide occur in low- and middle-income countries. People in these
countries often lack access to primary care programs for early detection and treatment of those
with cardiovascular risk factors. Patients suffering from cardiovascular disease and other
noncommunicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries have less access to effective and
equitable health services that meet their needs. At the macroeconomic level, CVDs impose a
significant burden on the economies of low- and middle-income countries. The poorest people in
low- and middle-income countries are hardest hit. At the individual household level, there is
growing evidence that cardiovascular disease and other noncommunicable diseases contribute to
household poverty through devastating health care costs and high out-of-pocket costs.
A key measure to reduce CVD rates is to integrate cardiovascular disease interventions into
health care packages as part of universal health coverage, although in many countries health
systems require significant investment and focus to effectively address CVD.
Essential medications that should be available include: Data from 18 countries show that
hypertension control programs can be implemented effectively and cost-effectively at the primary
care level, resulting in reduced cardiovascular disease and stroke. Patients with cardiovascular
disease need access to appropriate technologies and medications.
Research methods and objects:
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a group of diseases
of the heart and blood vessels. They include:
peripheral artery disease - a disease of the blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and
legs;
coronary heart disease - a disease of the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle;
cerebrovascular disease - a disease of the blood vessels that supply blood to the brain;
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rheumatic heart disease - damage to the heart muscle and heart valves as a result of
rheumatic fever, which is caused by streptococcal bacteria;
Congenital heart disease - structural deformities of the heart present from birth that affect
its normal development and function; and
Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism - blood clots that form in the veins of the
legs and can travel to the heart and lungs.
Heart attacks and strokes are usually acute illnesses that are primarily caused by a blockage
in a blood vessel that blocks the flow of blood to the heart or brain. The most common cause is the
formation of fatty deposits on the inner walls of the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart or
brain. A stroke can occur as a result of bleeding from a blood vessel or the formation of a blood
clot.
One important environmental factor is air pollution. Behavioral risk factors can include
high blood pressure, high blood glucose or lipids, and being overweight or obese.
The most important behavioral risk factors for heart disease and stroke are poor diet, low
physical activity, and harmful use of tobacco and alcohol. These “intermediate risk factors” can
be identified in primary care and indicate an increased risk of heart attack, stroke, heart failure,
and other complications.
Results:
Of the 17 million premature deaths (under the age of 70) from non-communicable
diseases in 2019, 38% were attributed to cardiovascular disease. An estimated 17.8 million people
died from cardiovascular disease in 2021, accounting for 33% of all deaths worldwide. 75% of
these deaths were due to myocardial infarction and stroke.
More than three-quarters of deaths from CVD occur in low- or middle-income countries.
Most cardiovascular diseases can be prevented by addressing behavioral and environmental
risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet and obesity, physical inactivity, harmful alcohol
consumption, and air pollution.
It is important to detect cardiovascular disease as early as possible so that help can begin
with counseling and medication.
Quitting tobacco use, reducing salt intake, eating fruits and vegetables, being physically
active, and avoiding harmful alcohol consumption have been shown to reduce the risk of
developing cardiovascular disease. Public health strategies that promote healthy lifestyles and
create affordable environments, as well as improving air quality and reducing pollution, are
essential for promoting health-promoting behaviors. In addition, there are a number of underlying
causes of CVD.
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These reflect the main driving forces behind social, economic, and cultural change—
globalization, urbanization, and population aging. Other determinants of CVD include poverty,
stress, and genetic factors.
Conclusion
: The plan aims to reduce premature deaths from NCDs by 25% by 2025
through nine voluntary global targets. Two of these targets are directly aimed at preventing and
controlling cardiovascular diseases. Coronary artery disease, Folate metabolism, heart attack,
hereditary thrombophilia, Hypertension, Hypertensive heart disease, Individual efficacy of
warfarin, Ischemic stroke, Metabolic syndrome, Myocardial infarction, Obesity, hypertension,
hypertension, heart disease, myocardial disease, individual efficacy of warfarin, , ischemic stroke,
folic acid metabolism, metabolic syndrome, hereditary thrombophilia, obesity.
In 2015, WHO Member States agreed on a global framework for reducing the burden of
preventable NCDs, including the Global Action Plan for NCD Prevention and Control 2013–2020.
The study allows us to identify genetic risks for cardiovascular disease, heart attack, stroke,
hypertension, thrombophilia, metabolic syndrome, obesity and folic acid cycle disorders, as well
as assess individual sensitivity to drugs for the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
Based on the results of the study, a genetic specialist’s conclusion is issued with
recommendations for minimizing existing risks.
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