ISSN:
2181-3906
2025
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 4 / ISSUE 4 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
1628
PANCREATIC MORPHOLOGY IN THYROID DISEASES IN WHITE MICE
Norbek K. Niyozov
1
Sukhrob T. Ergashev
2
1
Senior Lecturer, Tashkent Medical Academy, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
E-mail.
norbekniyozov65@gmail.com
2
Assistant, Tashkent Medical Academy, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
E-mail.
@esuhrob26@gmail.com
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15306291
Abstract.
In our study, we examined white laboratory rats born to control and
experimental mothers with hypothyroidism. Morphological analysis of the pancreas during
various stages of postnatal ontogenesis revealed significant delays in the development and
formation of individual components of the vascular wall compared to the control group.
From the first days of the experiment, changes in the arterial wall were observed in all
experimental animals. The results demonstrate that morphological changes in pancreatic cells
and their blood vessels occur in offspring born to mothers with hypothyroidism.
Key words:
pancreas, acinus, mercazolil, share
МОРФОЛОГИЯ ПОДЖЕЛУДОЧНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ ПРИ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯХ
ЩИТОВИДНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ У БЕЛЫХ МЫШЕЙ
Аннотация.
В нашем исследовании мы изучали белых лабораторных крыс,
рожденных от контрольных и экспериментальных матерей с гипотиреозом. В
результате морфологического анализа поджелудочной железы в разные периоды
постнатального онтогенеза выявлены существенные изменения задержки развития и
формирования отдельных компонентов сосудистой стенки по сравнению с контрольной
группой.
С первых дней после начала эксперимента у всех подопытных животных
отмечали изменения артериальной стенки. Полученные результаты показывают, что у
потомства, рожденного от матерей с гипотиреозом, происходят морфологические
изменения в клетках поджелудочной железы и ее кровеносных сосудах.
Ключевые слова:
поджелудочная железа, ацинус, мерказолил, доля
Introduction.
Hypothyroidism is a clinical syndrome resulting from a persistent
deficiency of thyroid hormones or a reduction in their biological effects at the tissue level.
ISSN:
2181-3906
2025
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 4 / ISSUE 4 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
1629
According to the World Health Organization, the prevalence of primary hypothyroidism
in the population ranges from 0.2–1%, while latent primary hypothyroidism affects 7–10% of
women and 2–3% of men. Within a year, 5% of latent hypothyroidism cases progress to overt
hypothyroidism [1, 4, 8, 11, 17].
Hypothyroidism is the most common thyroid dysfunction, characterized by a gradual
onset, subtle symptoms, and satisfactory well-being in mild to moderate cases. Symptoms may
include fatigue, depression, or complications during pregnancy.
The prevalence of hypothyroidism is approximately 1%, rising to 2% in women of
reproductive age and up to 10% in the elderly.
Thyroid hormone deficiency causes systemic changes in the div. These hormones
regulate energy metabolism in cells, and their deficiency leads to reduced oxygen consumption,
decreased energy expenditure, and impaired processing of energy substrates [2, 6, 9, 14, 18].
Hypothyroidism disrupts the synthesis of cellular enzymes dependent on energy,
impairing normal cell function. In advanced cases, myxedema—edema of the mucous
membranes—develops due to excessive accumulation of glycosaminoglycans, which increase
tissue hydrophilicity and water retention [3, 7, 10, 15, 16].
In women, hypothyroidism is associated with reproductive system disorders, including
irregular menstrual cycles (amenorrhea, dysfunctional uterine bleeding), and mastopathy.
Thyroid hormone deficiency can lead to infertility. While mild hypothyroidism may not
prevent pregnancy, it increases the risk of spontaneous abortion or neurological disorders in
offspring. Both men and women may experience reduced libido [5, 12, 13, 19].
The pancreas is highly susceptible to pathological influences from endogenous and
exogenous stimuli, leading to functional impairments and systemic pathological processes.
Changes in pancreatic function often originate from alterations in its vascular and
connective tissue stroma.
Thus, damage to the pancreas results in quantitative and qualitative changes in stromal
vessels, the islets of Langerhans, and acini. These structural changes are accompanied by clinical
symptoms of impaired pancreatic function.
Purpose of the Research.
To investigate the nature of morphological changes in the
pancreas in experimental thyroid disorders.
Materials and Methods.
The study examined the pancreases of 80 sexually mature white
laboratory rats divided into two groups.
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VOLUME 4 / ISSUE 4 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
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Group 1 (control) consisted of 30 healthy rats. Group 2 (experimental) included 50
female rats treated with 0.5 mg of mercazolil per 100 g of div weight for 14 days to induce
hypothyroidism, followed by 0.25 mg per 100 g for one month.
After pregnancy and delivery, the experimental mothers continued receiving 0.25 mg of
mercazolil per 100 g during lactation. Blood samples from the tail veins of mothers and offspring
were analyzed for thyroid hormone levels.
Offspring were euthanized by decapitation on days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 30 post-birth.
Pancreatic tissues from the head, div, and tail were collected for histological
examination. Tissues were fixed in 10% formalin, dehydrated in alcohol, and embedded in
paraffin. Histological sections (8–12 μm) were stained with hematoxylin-eosin.
All experiments and euthanasia complied with the “European Convention for the
Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes”
(Strasbourg, 1985).
Sections (8–10 μm) were prepared using a rotary microtome and stained with
hematoxylin-eosin following standard methods [Volkova O.V., Yeletsky Yu.K., 1982].
Results.
In 3-day-old rat pups, no histological differences were observed compared to the
control group. The connective tissue capsule, acini, islets of Langerhans, blood vessels, and α-
and β-cells showed no changes. Acini were pyramidal or oval in shape.
In 7-day-old rat pups, the histological structure remained largely similar to the control
group. The organ’s delicate stroma was covered by a connective tissue capsule dividing the
gland into lobes, with acini as the structural unit. Acini were pyramidal, oval, or polygonal, with
a wide base and narrowed apex.
The islets of Langerhans and blood vessel walls were unchanged, with capillary
diameters of 3.3±0.2 μm. However, α-cells were slightly enlarged (area: 96,495.7±342.53 nm²),
with a reduced nuclear-cytoplasmic index (0.52±0.06). α-cells were less damaged than β-cells
due to a denser cytoplasmic membrane.
Morphological analysis revealed minor changes, including vascular dilation, increased
microvessel and venous plexus permeability, and extravasation of the liquid blood component
into surrounding connective tissue.
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VOLUME 4 / ISSUE 4 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
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0
5
10
15
20
25
3 days
7 days
14 days
21 days
30 days
10,3
12,3
14,8
16,3
17,6
9,8
10,4
11,5
13,9
14,2
15,1
17,2
18,7
19,9
21,5
12,2
14,5
16,4
17,5
18,4
Acinus height, diameter. μm
Control group height
Experiment group height
Control group diameter
Experimental group diameter
By day 14, pancreatic stroma exhibited increased edema, particularly in perivenular and
pericapillary spaces. Collagen fibers were swollen, loose, and showed stratification and surface
disorganization of the connective tissue matrix.
The average capillary diameter in the exocrine parenchyma was 4.8±0.1 μm (p≤0.05).
Capillary walls were dilated, with stroma showing erythrocyte accumulation and tissue
edema (Fig. 1).
The average area of Bhujayra nuclei in pancreatic islets decreased (14,865.4±96.3 nm² in
controls vs. 12,698.4±133.2 nm² in hypothyroid rats; p<0.05). β-cell nuclei exhibited
karyopyknosis and karyolysis.
Endocrine cells showed significant structural changes: α-cell area decreased by 8.5%
(92,110.6±145.6 nm² vs. 100,567.2±312.5 nm² in controls), while nuclear area increased
(35,546.5±179.4 nm² vs. 32,500.2±98.6 nm² in controls). α-cell nuclei had enlarged nuclear
pores and reduced electron density.
The nuclear-cytoplasmic index of α-cells increased to 0.57±0.02 (0.54±0.02 in controls).
Secretory granule area in α-cells increased, but granule diameter decreased from 22.7±0.9
nm to 18.4±0.5 nm, indicating morphological maturation.
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VOLUME 4 / ISSUE 4 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
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Fig 1.
Rat pancreas on the 14st day of the experiment. Red blood cell aggregation and
tissue edema. Stained with hematoxylin and eosin. X: 10x40.
By day 21, vascular disorders persisted, with increased vascularity, blood stasis,
diapedetic perivascular hemorrhages, and intensified edema (Fig. 2). Capillary diameter in the
exocrine parenchyma increased to 6.1±0.3 μm (5.15±0.4 μm in controls). Exocrine cells showed
significant structural changes, with blood cell congestion in vessels and leukocyte accumulation
in the gland parenchyma (Fig. 3). α-cell area decreased by 8.5% (92,110.6±145.6 nm² vs.
100,567.2±312.5 nm² in controls), while nuclear area increased (35,546.5±179.4 nm² vs.
32,500.2±98.6 nm² in controls).
The nuclear-cytoplasmic index of α-cells rose to 0.57±0.02 (0.54±0.02 in controls). Secretory
granule area increased, but granule diameter decreased from 22.7±0.9 nm to 18.4±0.5 nm.
Fig 2.
Rat pancreas on the 21st day of the
experiment. Diapedetic hemorrhages, increased
edema intensity. Stained with hematoxylin and
eosin. X: 10x40.
Fig 3.
Rat pancreas on the 21st day of the
experiment. Blood cell stagnation in the vessels
and accumulation of leukocytes in the gland
parenchyma. Stained with hematoxylin and eosin.
X: 10x40
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VOLUME 4 / ISSUE 4 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
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By day 30, interstitial edema intensified and spread throughout the pancreas, peaking in
perivenular spaces. Edema caused collagen fiber swelling, separation, and defibrillation (Fig. 4).
Each pancreatic lobe was supplied by interlobular arterioles (diameter: 39.4±2.7 μm), branching
from five arterioles per lobule. Intralobular precapillary arterioles formed a capillary network
around the lobule, transitioning into postcapillary venules (diameter: 56.6±4.2 μm).
Fig 4.
Rat pancreas on the 30th day of the experiment. Swelling of collagen fibers,
dilation of pancreatic ducts. Stained with Van Gieson.
The perivascular space was narrow or absent in some areas, separating islet capillaries
from exocrine parenchyma capillaries. Islet capillaries showed thinned endothelial cytoplasm,
numerous fenestrae, and pinocytic vesicles, indicating high functional activity. Interlobular
arterioles and capillaries exhibited dilation, cytoplasmic vacuolization, eosinophilic nuclei, and
karyolytic nuclei.
Conclusion.
In the experimental hypothyroidism model, the pancreatic stroma exhibited
dystrophic, destructive, and atrophic changes, diffuse edema, and fibrosis. The earliest signs of
hypothyroidism appeared on days 7–14, peaking by day 21. Hypothyroidism induced
hypertrophic changes in the protein-synthesizing apparatus of pancreatic islet cells, increasing
granule synthesis by 1.5 times. The lack of significant changes in acinocyte secretion (granule
number and secretion intensity) may reflect differential sensitivity between exocrine and
endocrine cells.
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