ISSN:
2181-3906
2025
International scientific journal
«MODERN
SCIENCE
АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 4 / ISSUE 5 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
1019
METHODS AND TASKS OF LINGUISTOCULATORY STUDIES
N.K. Ibodova
Asian International University
Department of "History and Philology".
associate professor, f.f.f.d. (PhD)
ibotovanasiba@gmail.com
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15467571
Abstract. In this article, the most general method of scientific knowledge is used in any
conscious practical and theoretical activity of researchers, in all and any field of scientific
research, while the empirical level of scientific knowledge is used in most or a group of scientific
fields, and the last, theoretical level is used mainly at the theoretical stage of scientific
knowledge.
Keywords: method, methodology, philosophical methodology, general science
methodology, private methodology, linguistic method, culturological method, sociological
method, ethnographic method, J.Lakoff, metaphor, psychosociocultural experiment, associative
experiment, linguocultural analysis.
Scientific knowledge is considered a method of scientific research or a way of knowing,
and is called a method, derived from the Greek word "methodis", therefore we understand
methodology - the doctrine of methods - as methodology.
Methodology is the doctrine of scientific methods of knowledge, as well as a set of
methods used in certain branches of science. If presented in a sequential order, then it is called
methodology.
Methods of scientific knowledge are studied in philosophy in three types:
1. The most general method of scientific knowledge.
2. General scientific methods related to the empirical level of scientific knowledge.
3. General scientific methods related to the theoretical level of scientific knowledge
The most general method of scientific knowledge is used in any conscious practical and
theoretical activity of researchers, in all and any field of scientific research, while the empirical
level of scientific knowledge is used in most or a group of fields of science, and the last,
theoretical level is used mainly at the theoretical stage of scientific knowledge. Currently, there
are the following methods and techniques that are distinguished by their effectiveness in
scientific research of their historical reality: observation and experiment, analysis and synthesis,
induction and deduction, generalization, abstraction and concretization, historicity and logic,
idealization, modeling.
In the observation and experimental methods, when observing a certain object in its
movement, change and development, as it is in natural conditions, in a carefully defined time,
based on a specific purpose, the experimental conditions are artificially created. If the subject of
the study studies the object of research without interfering with it or influencing it, this is
considered an observation method.
The level of observation depends on the clarity of the goal set, the prior knowledge of the
observed phenomena.
ISSN:
2181-3906
2025
International scientific journal
«MODERN
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АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 4 / ISSUE 5 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
1020
Observation can be carried out with or without instruments. Because the instrument
expands the scope of observation, enhances the ability to perceive. During observation, the
scientist's activity is of two types: active and passive, that is, passive in relation to the object,
active in the creative organization of the observation process. In an experiment, the researcher
can actively influence the object of his study, interfere in the course of observation, that is,
change it.
Experiment is the study and study of phenomena in science through experimental testing.
In this case, the subject actively influences the object, creates changes, artificial
conditions, and studies the aspects of interest to him. This method allows the researcher to obtain
knowledge that cannot be obtained through observation in natural conditions. Observation,
comparison, measurement are inextricably linked with experimentation. The facts and data
generated on the basis of observation and experimentation, in turn, are closely related to the
inductive and deductive methods of theoretical knowledge of the researcher. In inductive and
deductive methods, the researcher creates more general knowledge from a number of ideas about
the subject or phenomena he is investigating in his thinking, from some knowledge about them.
In scientific knowledge, knowledge generated by the inductive method is always verified
using the deductive method. The deductive method, method, or deduction is understood as the
process of knowledge from general knowledge to structural, partial knowledge. Induction is used
to draw general conclusions from some theoretical knowledge, while deduction leads logically
from general to particular. The method of induction examines the causal relationships of objects
and phenomena, reveals patterns, and creates concepts. Theories in science arise as a result of the
deductive method, which is mainly used as a result of the continuous collection of materials,
their in-depth study, and systematization. Inductive and deductive methods are dialectically
interconnected, they complement each other. Therefore, they cannot be considered as opposed to
each other or separately. In accordance with the purpose, it should be noted that both of these
methods are effectively and widely used in science, and sufficiently real knowledge in it is
determined by the form of a hypothesis, theory, scientific laws and systems, definitions, and
variations. In general, induction is distinguished by its accumulation of scientific information,
and deduction by its division, but these two logical methods primarily depend on and rely on the
existing methods of analysis and synthesis. Analysis and synthesis are a more specific (real)
attitude in science to the objects and phenomena being studied, to the idea.
In analysis, things and phenomena, ideas, are divided into smaller parts, that is, elements,
and the connections, relationships and effects between them are studied. These separated parts
are also analyzed for subsequent synthesis. The method of analysis is especially useful for
studying and understanding complex things and phenomena of the world around us.
In scientific knowledge, analysis differs in various forms, that is, in what and for what
purpose, and can be in the following forms: dividing an object into parts from its entirety;
studying its structure, function and the relationship of these parts in a whole; separating the
properties and principles of the object and studying the relationship between them; dividing
many objects into many small objects and groups and determining the place of each element in
the whole, studying the relationship between them.
Any analysis is complete with its synthesis, and they are inseparable from each other.
ISSN:
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2025
International scientific journal
«MODERN
SCIENCE
АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 4 / ISSUE 5 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
1021
Synthesis, relying on the results of analysis, studies the whole quality of things and
phenomena. Synthesis is a method of restoring the elements that were mentally separated as a
result of analysis, combining them, and mentally creating their former integrity. If analysis is
considered a preparatory stage in research, synthesis completes it. As a result of them, a general
concept and arguments are formed, with the help of which certain laws are determined and
formed. The true genius of a scientist is to enrich his creative activity by identifying rational
novelty from the information obtained through analysis and synthesizing this novelty. Of course,
in such a creative process, the researcher is required to have a strong ability to abstract -
imaginative abstraction.
In generalization, several objects or phenomena under study are brought into a single
whole and considered, while in abstraction, the aspects, characteristics and properties inherent in
these objects or phenomena are ignored, reducing the knowledge or property necessary for
research to the status of a myth. In concretization, all the previous signs and characteristics
preserved in generalization and abstraction are again connected with the object or phenomenon,
creating a specific filer about this object or phenomenon. As a result of the use of the abstraction
method, many similar concepts have been created in economic theory, such as commodity,
market, price, production method, production forces, production relations, competition, profit,
and so on. Similarly, abstraction is widely used in the natural sciences, technical and
humanitarian, and social sciences. Going from generalization to abstraction (abstractness) and
from it to precision, and from precision to abstraction through generalization is a general method
of knowledge.
In the methods of historicism and logic, if historicism is the processes of emergence,
development and decay of the phenomenon under study and its connection with other events in
historical processes, then in logic it is an expression of the generalization, abstraction, and
determination of this historicity. In general, historicism is primary, logic is secondary. Another
method of knowledge and creativity is formalization and modeling.
Formalization is the abstracting of certain aspects of the object or phenomenon under study,
the content of its properties and characteristics, and its expression in certain abstract expressions,
formulas or schemes. From this, the relationship, connection is determined in a certain
expression. The method of formalization, in turn, is closely related to modeling. In the history of
sciences, the most effective method of analogy, which has raised the scientific knowledge
process of all disciplines to a higher level, is the modeling method.
Modeling is the process of creating a copy of the object being studied, similar in structure
or function, but not the same, and studying the relevant properties and characteristics of the real
object through this copy. Although the term model (from Latin copy means sample) denotes the
meaning of a conditional image scheme, in scientific knowledge it means a method of studying
an object or phenomenon based on this copy (model) when it is impossible to study it directly, in
the original, by creating a material or intellectual copy similar to the original, corresponding to it.
For example, in modern economic theory, American, Swedish, Japanese models or the "Eastern
Tigers" model (Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, North Korea) are used. Similarly, after gaining
independence, the "Uzbek economic model" of the transition to a market economy, which was
developed under the leadership of our First President and is currently being implemented in life,
ISSN:
2181-3906
2025
International scientific journal
«MODERN
SCIENCE
АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 4 / ISSUE 5 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
1022
is considered to be the "Uzbek economic model" of the transition to a market economy. On this
basis, a socially oriented market economy, the main reformist policy of the state, a gradual
transition to a market economy through evolution, while putting the social problems of the
people of Uzbekistan first. In general, various methods are being applied in knowledge and
creativity, based on the methods mentioned above.
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2181-3906
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SCIENCE
АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 4 / ISSUE 5 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
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