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HEARING LOSS IN CHILDREN: CAUSES, EARLY DETECTION, AND PREVENTIVE
MEASURES
Rustamova Etibor Ibragimovna
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Samarkand State Medical University
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17316722
Introduction
: Hearing loss in children is one of the most prevalent sensory disorders
worldwide and represents a critical public health concern due to its profound impact on speech,
language, cognitive, and social development. Early childhood is a vital period for the acquisition
of communication skills; therefore, undiagnosed or untreated hearing impairment can result in
long-term educational and psychological challenges. According to the World Health Organization,
over 34 million children globally live with disabling hearing loss, and many of these cases are
preventable through timely detection and proper management. The etiology of pediatric hearing
loss is multifactorial, encompassing genetic factors, prenatal and perinatal complications,
infectious diseases, ototoxic medications, and environmental noise exposure. In many developing
countries, including Uzbekistan, limited access to neonatal screening and audiological services
leads to delayed diagnosis, which exacerbates developmental delays and social integration
difficulties. This study aims to analyze the major causes of childhood hearing loss, evaluate the
effectiveness of early detection programs, and propose preventive strategies to minimize its
occurrence and consequences.
Objective
: The primary objective of this study is to determine the leading causes of
hearing loss among children in the Samarkand region, assess the current state of early detection
programs, and identify preventive and interventional measures that can reduce the incidence and
long-term impact of pediatric hearing impairment.
Materials and Methods
: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted involving 200
children aged between 0 and 10 years who attended the otorhinolaryngology and pediatric
departments of Samarkand State Medical University Hospital during 2022–2024. All participants
underwent detailed otoscopic examination, pure-tone audiometry, tympanometry, and otoacoustic
emission (OAE) testing. Data on prenatal and perinatal history, family medical background,
exposure to ototoxic drugs, previous infections such as otitis media, measles, or meningitis, and
noise exposure were collected through structured parental interviews and medical records.
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software to determine the correlation between
etiological factors and the degree of hearing impairment. Ethical approval was obtained from the
university’s review board, and informed consent was collected from parents or guardians.
Results
: Among the 200 examined children, 38% were diagnosed with sensorineural
hearing loss, 44% with conductive hearing loss, and 18% with mixed types. The leading causes
included chronic otitis media (29%), congenital or genetic disorders (22%), perinatal hypoxia
(14%), and post-infectious sequelae of meningitis and measles (12%). Exposure to ototoxic drugs
accounted for 7% of cases, while environmental noise exposure contributed to 5%. Only 31% of
children had undergone hearing screening before the age of 6 months, highlighting the
insufficiency of early detection programs. Early diagnosis within the first year of life was strongly
correlated with better speech development outcomes and reduced educational delay. Children
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diagnosed after the age of two exhibited markedly poorer communication abilities and social
interaction skills.
Discussion
: The findings confirm that preventable and treatable causes such as otitis
media, infections, and perinatal complications remain major contributors to childhood hearing loss
in the Samarkand region. The low rate of neonatal screening indicates a critical gap in early
identification and intervention. Universal newborn hearing screening (UNHS), combined with
regular pediatric auditory monitoring, could significantly reduce the prevalence of permanent
hearing impairment. Genetic counseling and public health education for parents, particularly
regarding ototoxic drug use and prenatal care, are essential preventive strategies. Furthermore,
integration of otolaryngological assessment into routine pediatric checkups and the expansion of
school-based hearing programs would allow earlier detection of mild or progressive forms of
hearing loss that often remain unnoticed until they cause learning difficulties. Strengthening
collaboration between pediatricians, audiologists, and educators is crucial for ensuring timely
diagnosis and rehabilitation.
Conclusion
: Hearing loss in children is a multifactorial condition with profound
developmental and social consequences if left undiagnosed or untreated. The study demonstrates
that chronic middle ear infections, perinatal hypoxia, and genetic disorders are the most frequent
etiologies, with a significant proportion of cases being preventable. Early detection through
universal neonatal screening, improved access to audiological services, and parental education are
vital to reducing the incidence and impact of hearing impairment in childhood. Establishing a
national screening program, enhancing primary healthcare awareness, and promoting early
rehabilitative interventions such as hearing aids and cochlear implants can dramatically improve
quality of life and developmental outcomes for affected children. Strengthening preventive
measures and health education will ultimately decrease the burden of childhood hearing loss in
Uzbekistan and contribute to healthier, more communicative generations.
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