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-44.
GEOGRAPHIC DETERMINISM AND THE IMPACT OF WATER
RESOURCES ON THE MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE CENTRAL
ASIAN TERRITORY
Djuraev Anvar Mukhammadievich
Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor of Tashkent Pediatric
Medical Institute. Uzbekistan, Tashkent
Mukhammadiev Khabibullokh Anvar ugli
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Student of Kyungsung University. South Korea, Busan
Abstract.
In this article, the author focusses on such an important issue as the
fertility of the land and its impact on social reality. The issues of land degradation
in Central Asia are considered.
Key words:
land resources, fertility, ecological crisis, desertification, natural
resources, social problem.
ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ ДЕТЕРМИНИЗМ И ВЛИЯНИЕ ВОДНЫХ
РЕСУРСОВ НА МОДЕЛЬ РАЗВИТИЯ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНО
-
АЗИАТСКОЙ
ТЕРРИТОРИИ
Джураев Анвар Мухаммадиевич
кандидат философских наук, доцент Ташкентского педиатрического
медицинского института. Узбекистан, Ташкент
Мухаммадиев Хабибуллох Анвар углы
Студент Университета Кёнсунг. Южная Корея, Пусан
Аннотация.
В данной статье автор акцентирует внимание на таком
важном вопросе, как плодородие земли и его влияние на социальную
реальность. Рассмотрены вопросы деградации земель в Центральной Азии.
Ключевые слова:
земельные ресурсы, плодородие, экологический
кризис,
опустынивание, природные ресурсы, социальная проблема.
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GEOGRAFIK DETERMINIZM VA SUV RESURSLARINING
O‘
RTA
OSIYO HUDUDINI RIVOJLANISH MODELIGA TA
’
SIRI
Djurayev Anvar Muxammadiyevich
falsafa fanlari nomzodi, Toshkent pediatriya tibbiyot instituti dotsenti
O‘
zbekiston, Toshkent sh.
Muxammadiev Xabibulloh Anvar
o‘g‘
li
Kyungsung universiteti talabasi. Janubiy Koreya, Pusan
Annotatsiya. Ushbu maqolada muallif yer unumdorligi, uning ijtimoiy
voqelikka ta
’
siri kabi muhim masalaga e
’
tibor qaratadi. Markaziy Osiyoda
yerlarning degradatsiyasi masalalari k
o‘
rib chiqiladi.
Kalit s
o‘
zlar: yer resurslari, unumdorlik, ekologik inqiroz, ch
o‘
llanish, tabiiy
resurslar, ijtimoiy muammo.
INTRODUCTION
As you know, ever-increasing in the second half of the twentieth century.
water and wind erosion of soils, deforestation, technogenic pollution of soils,
fresh waters and the World Ocean, industrial emissions into the air
–
all this has
begun to take on global dimensions. For the first time in the history of civilization,
human production activity began to threaten the existing balance of natural
processes on planet Earth. Soil degradation is a threat of ecological crisis.
Understanding the danger of the global ecological crisis prompted the United
Nations to convene in 1972 in Stockholm a special session devoted to the
problems of environmental protection and regulation of the use of natural
resources. The 10th Anniversary International Congress of Soil Scientists, held in
Moscow in 1974, also considered for the first time the role and significance of the
Earth
’
s soil cover in the functioning of its biosphere. In 1977, the UN World
Conference on Desertification and Soil Degradation was convened in Nairobi. Five
years later, in 1982, the World Food Organization (FAO) adopted the
“
World Soil
Charter
”
, in which it called on the governments of all countries to consider the soil
cover of the Earth and each country as a world heritage of mankind.
METHODS
Literature review and theoretical analysis.
THE DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS
Concerned about the state of the environment, a number of international
organizations held in the 80-90s. 20th century analysis of the state of natural
resources, including soils and the land fund of the world. It turned out that the
area of arable land on planet Earth is 3 billion 278 million hectares, or 22% of the
total land area. Moreover, highly and medium productive soils (completely
plowed and developed by the end of the century) make up only 9% of the earth
’
s
land area.
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It should be added to these data that over the historical period, mankind has
already lost about 2 billion hectares of once fertile soils, turning them into
anthropogenic deserts and inconvenient lands. But this is more than the total area
of world agriculture! The loss of fertile developed soils continues in our time.
Every year, about 8 million hectares are withdrawn from agricultural use due to
alienation for other economic needs, and about 7 million hectares
–
as a result of
various degradation processes. To date, 75 percent of soils have been degraded.
“Every year we lose millions of hectares of fertile land, which leads
to the loss of
about 10 percent of global GDP. Desertification and drought in one way or another
affect 3.2 billion people.
Thus, every year humanity at the end of the twentieth century lost about
15 million hectares of productive land. Meanwhile, it has been established that
the process of soil degradation is proceeding at an increasing rate: in the second
half of the last century, it increased 30 times compared to the historical average.
More than 90% of food products modern mankind receives as a result of the
use of soil fertility in agriculture and animal husbandry. Meanwhile, as has already
been shown, the area of fertile soils on Earth is decreasing, and the population of
the Earth is increasing. According to the UN forecast, the world population by
2050 will increase by 3.3 billion people and will reach more than 9 billion.
Of course, special attention and protection of fertile lands is the most
important condition for social stability. And these problems are not alien to the
countries of Central Asia. Since the population of Central Asia in 2021 grew by
1.66%
–
by about 1 million 172 thousand people. Such a forecast based on UN
data was presented by the Worldometer project.
According to the latest UN estimates, the current population of Central Asia
is 75 million 426 thousand 628 people (5th place among the sub-regions of Asia)
–
this is about 1% of the total population of the Earth. The share of Uzbekistan in
this is about 45%, Kazakhstan
–
25%, Tajikistan
–
13%, Kyrgyzstan and
Turkmenistan
–
8.5% each.
According to the definition, soil is a special natural div that combines the
properties of an inanimate object and a living structure. Its main quality was
called fertility
–
the ability to support the growth and development of plants.
In order for soils to form, a combination of a number of conditions (factors)
is necessary: loose rocks, sufficient hydration, living organisms (plants, animals,
fungi, a complex of microorganisms), favorable relief, climate, which determines
the combination of heat and moisture.
But even having isolated all these components, it has not yet been possible
to artificially create soil that has fertility comparable to natural samples. It turned
out that for this the interaction of all components must occur for a very long time
(at least thousands of years). It is clear that the ratio of the factors listed above is
far from being the same everywhere on the planet, and this has become the main
reason for the diversity of soils.
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The desert plains of Central Asia proper belong to the zones of gray-brown
soils (northern and southern), where, in accordance with the diversity of parent
rocks, various soils are distinguished, belonging to the types of gray-brown soils,
takyr soils and takyrs. In the south, in ephemeral deserts, semi-deserts of
piedmont plains and foothills, typical gray soils are common.
It is estimated that 4-10% of cultivated areas, 27-68% of pastures and 1-8%
of forests are currently significantly degraded in Central Asia. The causes of land
degradation are many, complex and vary from country to country, but are
generally linked to the misuse and overexploitation of the natural resource base,
in particular poor and unsustainable agricultural practices, overgrazing,
deforestation, forest degradation and natural disasters.
CONCLUSION
As in the rest of the world, in the countries of Central Asia desertification,
land degradation and drought are not only a serious environmental problem, but
also an economic and social problem. According to the FAO report, the economies
of Central Asia are still largely based on agriculture, which makes up 10-38% of
GDP and provides 18-65% of employment, which makes the economies of these
countries vulnerable to droughts by reducing agricultural production, negatively
affects food prices, trade, access to markets and leads to lower farmers
’
incomes
and unemployment. Desertification, land degradation and drought directly affect
the livelihoods of the rural population, reducing the productivity of land
resources and negatively impacting the stability and functioning of natural
systems, as well as the services that depend on these systems.
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ДАВЛАТЛАР
ТАШКИЛОТИНИНГ ЯРАТИЛИШ ТАРИХИ ХУСУСИДАГИ МУЛОҲАЗАЛАР:
Сагатова Зиёда Бахтияровна Тошкент
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Образование и инновационные исследования международный научно
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методический журнал 1 (2023): 20
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