Asian Studies

Three personal seals (muhr) of Umar-Khan are described in this  article. There are imprints of all these three seals in the manuscripts from the COMTSIOS fund. All of three seals have the same legend in the centre – Amir al-Muslimin Sayyid Muhammad Umar ibn Narbuta-khan. One of the seals does not have a date. Dates are available in other  two seals – 1226/1811-12 and 1231/1815-16. These  dates can help determining the historical data connected with the activity of Umar-khan.

Over the past 30 years, multi-party regimes have replaced single-party regimes in Arab countries. This process began in Egypt in 1976 with the division of the Arab Socialist Union into three groups. Later, in the late 1990s, Egypt established an electoral system that served the interests of the ruling party’s candidate under the provisions of the election law. This was since the powers of the head of state were constantly amending the constitution. Although Egypt is officially a republic, it can be considered a modern version of a parliamentary monarchy. Because the unlimited power of a political leader combines the functions of a party leader and a head of state in the person of one person. As Western democratization processes take place, tensions between moderate and radical forces and movements in the Arab world will increase. In general, the processes of developing a democratic and civil society in Egypt are unique, which is very different from the western understanding of these problems. At present, the Egyptian leadership faces a major problem of how to achieve political and social modernization in society.

In this article the author gives critical review of the famous conception of ‘orientalism’ and critically considers its antinomy – ‘occidentalism’. Irrelevance of both conceptions is shown.

The article notes that although representatives of the social and humanitarian sciences have not yet sufficiently studied the processes of formation and development of diplomacy of the Central Asian states and territories, subordinate to them, as well as the history of the development of the Uzbek diplomacy, a comprehensive study of various periods in the history of the problem and issues of international cooperation mainly began in the years independence. The author on the basis of the problem-chronological method conditionally subdivides the conducted research into several directions.

In this article ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people on the theoretical and methodological basis of teaching has been considered, the evolution of views, as well as the analysis of the concept. The article analyzes the historical development of the history of Uzbekistan and, accordingly, the study of the theoretical and methodological problem of ethnic history and ethnogenesis of the Uzbek people on the basis of archaeological, anthropological, ethnological and, to some extent, historical research.

The book of Mahmud Kashgary “Divanu Lugati-t-Turk”, which is one of the sources of the XI century, is of great importance in the Turkic culture. It is considered a linguistic work reflecting the language and literature of that period. The collection of this work is an important source of literature among Turkic peoples, especially folklore. The contains samples of ancient folklore of Turkic peoples. These include are folk songs, proverbs  and  sayings. The proverbs  cited  in  the  work are  especially  important  for  the study of folklore and the language of that era. Although  Turkic  folklore  has  been  repeatedly  analyzed,  especially  Uzbek  folk proverbs, studies have been carried out, and the thematic group has not yet conducted a serious study of ancient Turkic proverbs. In particular, the proverbs “Divanu Lugati-t-Turk” were divided into a thematic group, but were not read and grouped in accordance with the text of the manuscript. This article analyzes these features. Proverbs in “Divanu Lugati-t-Turk”  were  first  grouped  in  meaning  in  the  first  edition  of  the  dictionary  in Uzbek  publication  (Divanu  Lugati-t-Turk.  Index  Dictionary,  Tashkent,  1967).  Our description  is  different  from  the  previous  one.  In  our  article,  we  used  the  publication “Divanu Lugati-T-Turk”, published in 2017 by Professor K. Sadikov. Along with  this,  this  article  analyzes  the  synonymy of  ancient  Turkic  proverbs  and thematic  issues.  To  prove  the  above  questions,  quotes  from  the  dictionary  “Divanu Lugati-t-Turk” are given. The article analyzed the scope and significance of this topic. As a result of the analysis, conclusions were drawn.

This article is devoted to the morphemic contraction, which is one of the widely  used  methods  of  word  formation  in  Chinese.  The  article  describes  in  detail  the features of grammatical morpheme contraction in Chinese.

In  this  paper  it  is  proposed  the  ideas  such  as  –  enlightening  ethics,  mind, perfection, the function of leading to happiness, the types and bad sides of the wills that was put forward by Nasriddin Tusiy in his work named “Akhloqi Tusiy” (The Ethics of Tusiy).

This article provides a summary of the work of Majalisi Jahangiri by Abdusattar bin Kasim Lahuri dedicated to Jahangir. The book is devoted to the characterization of favorable meetings organized by Jahangir will give the reader an opportunity to get an idea of the worldview, activities and interests of Jahangir, as well as his opinions about Maverannahr.

In the work “Devonu lugati-t-turk” the author Makhmud Kashgari gave scientific explanation to Turkic words and terms. Including to the word Saw. In the article has been made a research of the meaning of this word and its formation as a term in Turkic script.

This article studies the evolution of the coronavirus epidemic into a pandemic that has become an unprecedented threat to humanity in the 21st century, its impact on the lifestyle  of  Chinese  society,  changes  in  China’s  domestic  and  foreign  policies  due  to coronavirus infection, and the results of the Chinese government’s effective struggle against the “disaster”. Moreover, the author analyzes the situation in international relations due to COVID  -19,  changes  in  international  relations  under  the  influence  of  the  pandemic,  the transformation of relations between major powers as a result of the coronavirus, a variety of methods for combating COVID -19 in different countries of the region, China’s experience in combating  the  pandemic  and  its  significance  for  the  world,  and  the  crisis  caused  by  the pandemic  in  people's  lifestyles  and  in  all  sectors  of  the  economy.  What  is  more,  the assessments and approaches of Chinese experts and specialists in combating the pandemic are  examined  based  on  their  experience  in  overcoming  the  crisis.  Finally,  it  reflects  the opinions of Chinese scientists and experts about the huge changes that could happen in the world order after a pandemic.

The purpose of the article is to emphasize the specific stylistic features of verb  forms  used  in  Persian  language  newspaper  texts.  The  analysis  examined  the grammatical  categories  of  verbs  used  mainly  in  newspaper  texts,  identified  the  most active and inactive grammatical categories, and identified the reasons for their activity. At  the  same  time,  the  article  analyses  verbs  used  in  newspaper  texts  and  explains  the methodological features of their use. Newspaper-journalistic style has specific features and the main task of the materials of this style is to report certain information to certain positions; thereby achieving the desired effect on the reader or listener. The content of the newspaper and informational messages  is  different  in  that  here  we  are  talking  about  events  that are  available  for  a broad understanding of the layers of non-specialists, directly or indirectly related to their lives and interests. From this point of view, this article is relevant in stylistic-functional aspects of the verb category.

Personal  pronouns  are  important  according  to  a  number  of  features  in  the language. The stylistic function of personal pronouns is particularly important. In addition, personal pronouns are among the words that will be the subject of special research, as they reflect  the  national  culture,  socio-political  life,  philosophical  views.  In  addition,  personal pronouns reflect the speaker’s attitude toward the interlocutor, his social status, and even his religious  and  philosophical  views.  Therefore,  the  study  of  personal  pronouns  used  in  the novels of the Ming period (XIV-XV c.), especially in the novel "Three Kingdoms", shows the features of the lexicon of the period, as well as the study of this series of words in diachronic and synchronous terms gives some conclusions about the dynamics of Chinese lexicon. By analyzing Japanese personal pronouns, it is possible to draw conclusions about the influence of Ming period novels on the lexicon of other languages in the synosphere.

The article deals with the information about using metaphors in the forming of ‘Sufism’ terms. Author introduces positions external appearance of lexical solidarity in the wide advantage, changing ‘Sufism’ terms in the base nearness of functions and conceptions, in the example of belonging terms.

The article is devoted to the process of transition to a new type of modern literature in the countries of the Persian Gulf. The author investigated the reasons of why in Egypt, Lebanon, Syria and some Maghreb countries literary renewal began in the second half of the XIX century, then in the countries of the Gulf of Persia, this process began a century later, that is, in the second half of the twentieth century: for a very short period there was a transition from medieval traditions of classical literature to a new type of modern literature.

Currently, there is a rapid process of globalization in all spheres of social life, including in the field of national languages and mercilessly endangers the leveling of national cultures  and  values.  In  such  conditions,  each  nation  should  take  care  of  the  future  of  its language  and  strive  to  preserve  the  social function  of  the  language. Otherwise, in the  near future, both the language (the culture) and the nation itself will lose their national identity and even existence. Language is the key to all scientific and technological progress. To this end, we must collect the vocabulary of all the works of the classical period, starting with “Divan Lugati-t-Turk” (an essay in Turkic vocabulary) by Mahmud Kashgari to the present, create a text corpus of the Uzbek language, create concordant vocabulary works. At  the  next  stage,  comes  collecting  all  borrowings  in  the  language,  classifying  them according to European languages and, if possible, replacing them with an equivalent in the Uzbek language or with an analogue from the Turkic languages. The words of Arabic and Persian origin are widely used in the Uzbek language from many times, being an integral part of it. It is better to replace them if there are suitable equivalents in the Uzbek language. In Uzbek language, the full-blooded norm of the term of creation does not yet exist. In this area,  it  is  necessary  to  study  the  experience  of  highly  developed  countries  and  develop  a promising program for the term of the Uzbek language. It  is  necessary  to  collect  all  the  dictionaries  of  the Turkic  languages  that  are  currently developed and to use their experience in order to improve the Uzbek language. Alisher Navoi is the founder of the modern Uzbek language and the author of the largest collected works in the Uzbek language. For this reason, it is necessary, first of all, to develop concordances of his works and create a complete author's dictionary of his works.

In the article, based on a comparative analysis of the works of two poets, it is proved that Yunus Emro continued the creative traditions of Khoja Ahmad Yassawi in Turkic poetry. The works of two great poets are compared in three directions: 1) artistic interpretation of the esoteric meaning; 2) tradition and originality in the creation of an artistic image; 3) the language of the work of art and the way of expression. Comparative analysis leads to the following conclusions: firstly, Yunus Emro was a great esoteric poet, secondly, he continued the traditions of Hazrat Khoja Ahmad Yassawi in artistic creativity, and thirdly, he made a great contribution to the development of the literary and aesthetic thinking of the Turkic peoples.

The article deals with the methaphoric meaning of the word- symbol “flower”  in  the  poet’s  interpretation  of  the  poem  “Wonders  of  the  Good  People”  from Alisher Navoi’s work “Khamsa”(Quintuple).

The article is devoted to the geographical spreading of the Sogdian Script in the territory of Central Asia in the 1 st  Millennium A.D. The spreading of the Sogdian manuscripts is not limited with the range of Central Asia, although they were found on the North-Western China, Tibet and India. On the basis of these sources IT WAS analyzed the wide spreading of the Sogdian Letter on these areas and its compared with other types of letters.

In this article, the study of the history of the Arab conquests in the English-language  historiography  in  XX–XXI  centuries  is  discussed.  The  data  about  the  well-known English orientalists and their works on the history of conquests is analyzed.

The  study  and  research  of  written  sources  related  to  language  learning serves as a mainstay for the development of this field. Therefore, the role of the work of Zakhiriddin Muhammad Babur "Mubayin" in the development of our literary language and national literature is invaluable. The aim of the author's work was a poetic and clear explanation of the science of Sharia to his son Humayun. By the 15th - 16th centuries, the lexical layer of the Old Uzbek literary language had become  significantly  poorer.  Purely  Turkish  words  have  been  replaced  by  Arabic, Persian and Tajik. This, in turn, alienated the general public from science and education. This  led  to  the  crisis  of  the  old  Uzbek  literary  language.  Babur,  who  understood  the process correctly, tried to use pure Turkish words in his works.  With this work, Zakhiriddin Muhammad Babur contributed to the development of the Uzbek  literary  language,  the  history  of  the Uzbek  literary  language,  terms,  words  and phrases in the religious and philosophical spirit of the Uzbek literary language, as well as  to  the  science  of  Sharia.  During  the  writing  of  the  mubayyn,  the  artist  again introduced obsolete Turkic words into the history of the Uzbek literary language. He also strove to write a work that would be convenient, easy and understandable for the reader of that period. As a result, Mubayin became popular among the people of his day.

This article analyzes the priority directions of social development at the present stage based on proposals, initiatives and conceptual ideas put forward in the Address of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan to the Oliy Majlis in 2018. As noted in the article, the Strategy of Action on the five priority directions of development of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2017–2021 contributes to the improvement of the strategic framework to ensure the vital needs and legitimate interests of the population and strengthen the foundations of a decent and comfortable life. In this regard, as noted in the article, the Address of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev to Oliy Majlis on December 28, 2018, and the fact that 2019 was proclaimed the “Year of Active Investments and Social Development” became the logical continuation of the years of “Dialogue with the people and human interests”, “Support for active entrepreneurship, innovative ideas and technologies” in the country. It indicates that in the third stage of the reform strategy, the importance of social development as a priority of state policy increases. According to the author, increasing the economic potential of the country by attracting investment will inevitably lead to the development of social spheres. The article focuses on the development of the social sphere. The author reveals the essence of the concept of “social development”. As noted, “social development” is a change that contributes to the emergence of new social relations, institutions, norms and values in society. In this regard, features and criteria of social development are shown. The article outlines the main tasks for the further development of the social sphere in 2019, as defined in the Presidential Address. In particular, comments were given to initiatives and conceptual ideas for further improvement of science, modern and continuing education, further strengthening of state social support for young people, and the development of a national idea. The article widely describes the concept of “investment in human capital” and the article notes that investments in human capital include expenditures on health care, general and special education, employment, vocational training, raising children and others. The effectiveness of such investments is reflected in the pace of development of society in all areas. The article shows how the issues of modern education and upbringing of young people and their social support are important in the social development of the country. The article analyzes important practical steps taken to ensure that the sphere of education and training directly serves further human improvement.