THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
107
WORD GROUPS WITH HIGH FREQUENCY IN DOSTAN TEXTS
Unarova Dilafruz Abdimajit qizi
Uzbek-Finnish Pedagogical Institute
independent researcher
dilafruzunarov1@gmail.com
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15907302
Abstract:
Word classes with high frequency in Uzbek epic texts have been
extensively studied using lexical-semantic, statistical and stylistic analysis
methods of linguistics. This article analyzes the frequency distribution of word
classes, their role in the text structure, semantic groups and stylistic features
based on the texts of such important epics as “Alpomish”, “Gorog‘li”,
“Kuntug‘mish” and “Ravshan”. The study uses modern corpus linguistics
methods and automatic word class detection algorithms. The results show the
dominance of nouns, verbs and adjectives in epics, as well as their context-
dependent functions and influence on poetic structure. The study serves to
provide a deeper understanding of the lexical richness, linguistic features and
their cultural and morphological significance of Uzbek epics.
Keywords:
Uzbek epics, word groups, frequency analysis, corpus
linguistics, lexical-semantic analysis, stylistic features, epic language,
morphology, poetic structure.
Uzbek folk oral literature, in particular, epics, is an important source for
studying the lexical, grammatical and stylistic features of the Uzbek language.
Epics are important literary monuments reflecting the historical, cultural and
linguistic heritage of the Uzbek people, and their language provides valuable
material for various fields of linguistics - lexicology, morphology, syntax and
stylistics. Word groups, as the main structure of the language, play a decisive
role in the formation of semantic, syntactic and stylistic features of the text. This
article is devoted to identifying word groups with high frequency in Uzbek epic
texts, analyzing their frequency distribution and in-depth study of their
functional-stylistic features. The main goal of the study is to analyze the lexical
structure of epics using modern linguistic methods, to determine the place of
word groups in the text structure and to assess their impact on the general
content and poetic structure of epic texts. Uzbek epics, such as "Alpomish",
"Gorog'li", "Kuntug'mish" and "Ravshan", reflect the unique worldview,
historical experience and cultural values of the Uzbek people. The language of
these texts reveals the lexical richness of the Uzbek language, the frequency of
use of word groups and their context-dependent functions. Studying the
frequency of word groups helps to understand the lexical structure of the
THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
108
language, and at the same time is important in determining the poetic structure,
stylistic features of epics and their epic character. This study uses modern
corpus linguistics methods and statistical analysis tools, which allows us to shed
more light on epic texts from a scientific perspective.
In the research process, various editions of the epics “Alpomish” and
“Gorog‘li”, as well as the texts of “Kuntug‘mish”, “Ravshan” and other epics were
used as the main sources. The texts were digitized and processed using special
software tools to identify word classes, in particular, scripts written in the
Python programming language and the NLTK (Natural Language Toolkit)
library. The texts were pre-cleaned, that is, redundant characters, spaces and
other errors were eliminated. Morphological analysis tools adapted to the Uzbek
language were used to identify word classes. For frequency analysis, the share of
each word class in the total text and the frequency of use depending on the
context were calculated. The main hypothesis of the study is that nouns, verbs
and adjectives have a high frequency in epic texts, and their semantic and
stylistic properties significantly affect the general content, epic character and
poetic structure of the text. As word classes, nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs,
pronouns, numerals, prepositions, conjunctions, exclamations, and modals were
given special attention. The frequency of each word class was calculated as a
percentage of the total volume of the text, and their semantic groups, context-
dependent use, and stylistic features were analyzed. For example, the use of
nouns as epithets or as the main semantic carrier, the tenses of verbs, and the
descriptive functions of adjectives were separately considered.
According to the results of the analysis, nouns have the highest frequency in
Uzbek epic texts, accounting for approximately 35-40% of the total number of
words. This indicator corresponds to the epic nature of epics, since nouns are
used as the main semantic units that make up the content of the story. For
example, in the epic “Alpomish”, nouns such as “Alpomish”, “Barchin”, “kilich”,
“ot”, “yurt” have a high frequency, and they play an important role in forming the
main plot line of the story. These nouns not only represent the main elements of
the plot, but also enrich the cultural and symbolic context of the epic. For
example, the word “ot” is used in epics not only as a means of transportation, but
also as a means of symbolizing the hero’s courage and freedom. Verbs are in
second place in frequency (approximately 20-25%). Verbs serve as the main
means of expressing action, dynamics and development of events in epics. In the
epic poem "Gorogli", verbs such as "yurdi", "keldi", "urdi", "ko'rdi" have a high
frequency, which is important in describing the active actions of the story. The
THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
109
analysis of the tense forms of verbs showed that verbs in the past tense form
(for example, "keldi", "aytdi") are used more often, which corresponds to the
historical and epic character of the epics. At the same time, the analysis of the
semantic groups of verbs showed that while verbs of action (for example,
"yurmoq", "urmoq") are used more often, verbs of state (for example, "bolmoq",
"turmoq") have a relatively low frequency. This further highlights the dynamic
and event-based nature of the epics.
Adjectives have a frequency of about 10-15% in the texts of the epics, and
they are mainly used as epithets. For example, in the epic poem "Alpomish"
adjectives such as "golden", "bright", "happy", "brave" are often used to describe
images and add poetic richness to them. An analysis of the semantic groups of
adjectives showed that adjectives with positive meanings (for example,
"beautiful", "brave") have a much higher frequency than negative ones. This
reflects the optimistic and heroic spirit of the epics. The use of adjectives as
epithets enhances the descriptive and poetic properties of the epic texts, while
increasing the emotional and aesthetic impact of the images.
The frequency of adverbs, pronouns and numbers is relatively low,
accounting for 5-10% of the total text. Adjectives are often used to qualify verbs,
for example, adverbs such as "fast", "slow", "good" serve to describe events more
clearly. Pronouns play an important role in ensuring the internal coherence of
the text, in particular, demonstrative pronouns such as “he”, “this” and personal
pronouns such as “me”, “sen” are often used in dialogues and in the storyline.
Numbers have a symbolic meaning in epics, for example, numbers such as “uch”,
“etty”, “kirq” are often used in a mystical or symbolic sense. These numbers have
a symbolic meaning in Uzbek folklore and enrich the cultural context of epics.
The frequency of modal words and exclamations is the lowest, their total share
is around 2-5%. Modal words, for example, words such as “balki”, “albatta” are
used to express the semantic subtleties of the text. Exclamations are important
in epics for enlivening dialogues and expressing the emotional state of
characters. For example, exclamations such as “oy”, “voh”, “ah” reflect the
emotional reactions of the characters and increase the dramatic effect of the
text. The results of the study show that the frequency of word groups is closely
related to the epic features, stylistic structure and semantic content of the epics.
While nouns constitute the main content of the story, verbs provide the
development of the plot and dynamics, and adjectives enrich the poetic and
descriptive aspect of the text. At the same time, adverbs, pronouns and numerals
play an important role in ensuring the internal coherence and symbolic meaning
THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
110
of the text. Modal words and exclamations increase the emotional and dramatic
effect of the epics.
This article serves to further study the lexical richness of the Uzbek
language and the linguistic features of the epics. The results of the study provide
a basis for a comparative analysis of the linguistic features of the epic texts with
texts of other genres and a more in-depth study of the semantic groups of word
groups. In the future, it is possible to compare epic texts with other types of
literary or oral works, as well as analyze the semantic and stylistic features of
word groups in a broader context. For example, by comparing the language of
epics with folk tales or poetic texts, it is possible to identify the general lexical
and stylistic features of the Uzbek language.
References
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Publishing House, 2000, pp. 23-48.
3.Mirzaev, T. Alpomish: Text and Analysis. Tashkent: Sharq Publishing House,
1999, pp. 12-39.
4.Safarov, O. Lexicology of the Uzbek Language. Tashkent: O‘qituvchi Publishing
House, 2010, pp. 89-112.
5.Rahmonov, N. Stylistics of the Uzbek Language. Tashkent: Akademnashr, 2015,
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