Том 4 № 19 (2025)

this article discusses the significance of onomastics within linguistics, specifically its sub-field ethnonymy, and its connections with other sciences. It also explores the research object of anthroponymics, its interdisciplinary study with sciences such as history, literature, ethnography, and sociology, and distinctive characteristics of anomastics.

This article explores the linguistic and cultural characteristics of modern units of measurement in the Uzbek and English languages through a comparative lens. The study uncovers how linguistic systems encode measurement concepts and how culture shapes terminology. Using lexical-semantic and historical-linguistic methods, the research identifies similarities and differences in naming patterns, semantic motivation, and cultural associations. The findings offer insights into the interaction between language, cognition, and sociocultural context in forming and using measurement units.

Bu maqolada trikotaj matolarini assortimentini kengaytirish uchun poliakrilnitril ipidan yangi paltobop lastik trikotaj to’qimalarining fizik-mexanik xususiyatlari keltirilgan.

Mazkur maqolada iqtidorli bolalar bilan ishlashning psixologik asoslari, ularning rivojlanish xususiyatlari va ta'lim jarayonida ular bilan individual yondashishning o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari bayon etilgan.

Ushbu maqolada insoniyat tarixida ayolning tutgan o‘rni, turli davrlarda ijtimoiy, siyosiy va madaniy hayotdagi faoliyati yoritilgan. Shuningdek, qadimgi sivilizatsiyalardan tortib, zamonaviy jamiyatgacha bo‘lgan davrda ayollar qanday o‘zgarishlarga duch kelgani va ularning jamiyatdagi nufuzi qanday shakllangani tahlil qilinadi. Ayol siymosi tarixiy shaxslar misolida ochib beriladi.

This article highlights effective ways to enrich the vocabulary of primary school students. Vocabulary is viewed as one of the essential factors in expanding children's cognitive abilities and shaping their speech culture. The article analyzes the significance of developing both oral and written speech, working on vocabulary, applying didactic games, visual tools, and text-based activities. Moreover, it discusses the pedagogical aspects of increasing students’ vocabulary through interactive approaches that consider their age characteristics. The article holds practical significance for primary school teachers and methodologists.

Ushbu maqolada velosiped haydashning inson salomatligiga ijobiy ta’siri hamda atrof-muhitga foydali ekologik omillari tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, velosiped sporti va kundalik transport vositasi sifatida qo‘llanilishi orqali jamiyatda sog‘lom turmush tarzini rivojlantirishga qo‘shgan hissasi yoritiladi.

This article analyzes the ideological influences exerted on the consciousness of youth in the context of globalization, their role in social life, and the relevance of forming ideological immunity during this process. Alien ideas, mass culture, and information attacks accompanying globalization impact the worldview, values, and national identity of the younger generation. Therefore, protecting youth from ideological threats, educating them on a solid ideological foundation, and developing their critical thinking skills are considered among the most important tasks of today. The article highlights the significance of the education system, mass media, family, and state policy in this regard. It substantiates the thesis that strengthening ideological immunity is the main guarantee of social stability and development.

Ushbu maqolada moliyaviy resurslardan oqilona va maqsadli foydalanishni ta’minlash, byudjet intizomi va moliyaviy shaffoflikni oshirishda moliyaviy nazoratning tutgan o‘rni yoritib berilgan. Shuningdek, iqtisodiy xavfsizlikni ta’minlash, firibgarlik va korrupsiya holatlarining oldini olishda moliyaviy nazoratning asosiy vosita sifatida xizmat qilishi asoslab berilgan.

Смазки пластичные (либо консистентные) – особый тип смазочных материалов, применяемых в обслуживании различных видов техники и оборудования, обеспечивая стабильность и долговечность работы механизмов. В состав консистентных смазок входит базовое жидкое масло и загуститель, в частности, в литиевых пластичных смазках в качестве загустителя используют простые или комплексные соли жирных кислот лития. Загуститель необходим для образования структурного каркаса, он способен удержать в себе базовое масло (дисперсионную среду). Определенное сочетание дисперсионной среды и дисперсной фазы (загустителя) обеспечивает пластичную структуру, благодаря этому смазка не растекается и удерживается в узлах трения [1]

Мазкур мақолада Хожа асарларида, хусусан “Мифтоҳ ул-адл”да ёритилган ахлоқий-тарбиявий ғоялар таҳлил этилган. Ҳикоялардаги образлар орқали инсоннинг маънавий юксалиши, ростгўйлик, вафодорлик, поклик, шариатга мувофиқ ҳаёт тарзига эътибор қаратилади. Ҳикояларда шайх ва султон каби тимсоллар орқали тўғрилик, холислик, тавба ва инсонпарварлик ғоялари илгари сурилади. Мақолада айниқса халқ оғзаки ижоди, эртаклар ва ҳаётий воқеаларнинг бадиий тарзда баён этилиши, уларнинг маънавий тарбиядаги аҳамияти тилга олинган.

the article analyzes the need to study foreign languages for the Uzbek youngsters ​​in modern society. It also examines the role of linguistic diversity in society, various thoughts of foreign scientists on the issues of studying foreign languages ​​and factors that provoke the study of foreign languages.

This article explores the complexities and challenges involved in achieving equivalence when translating Uzbek idiomatic expressions into English. Idioms, as culturally bound linguistic units, often pose significant difficulties for translators due to their metaphorical, non-literal meanings and cultural specificity. The study analyzes the types of equivalence, the nature of idioms in both languages, and common strategies employed to ensure accurate and culturally appropriate translations. Several Uzbek idiomatic examples are examined alongside their English counterparts to illustrate typical equivalence problems and solutions.

Мақолада рақамли иқтисодиёт тушунчаси, унинг иқтисодий моҳияти ҳамда ривожлантириш масалалари ёритиб ўтилган. Шунингдек,  рақамли технологиялар нафақат маҳсулот ва хизматлар сифатини оширади, балки ортиқча харажатларни ҳам камайтиради. Шу билан бирга, мамлакат ривожланишига тўсқинлик қилаётган энг оғир иллат – коррупция балосини йўқотишда ҳам катта роль ўйнайди. Саноат иқтисодиёти телекоммуникация қоидаларини белгилашда ҳам эътибори каттадир.

This article highlights the unique role and importance of Uzbekistan’s cooperation with international organizations.

Mazkur maqolada pedagogik ta’lim jarayonida interfaol metodlar va vositalardan foydalanish masalasi pedagogik muammo sifatida o‘rganiladi. Ta’lim samaradorligini oshirishda zamonaviy, interfaol yondashuvlarning o‘rni, ularning o‘quvchilarning bilim faolligini shakllantirishdagi ta’siri tahlil qilinadi. Muallif interfaol metodlardan foydalanish jarayonida uchraydigan muammolar, ularni bartaraf etish yo‘llari va bu metodlarning o‘qituvchi hamda o‘quvchi faoliyatiga ta’sirini yoritadi. Shuningdek, maqolada interfaol vositalarning amaliyotga joriy etilishi, ularning afzalliklari va qo‘llash mexanizmlari haqida tavsiyalar beriladi. Tadqiqot natijalari ta’lim sifatini oshirishga xizmat qiluvchi muhim omillarni ochib beradi.

Ushbu maqolada Boborahim Mashrab yashagan davr hamda uning shoir ijodiga ko‘rsatgan ta’siri to‘g‘risida, shaxs va jamiyat muammolariga oid shoir asarlari, umuman, Mashrabning o‘sha davr va ijtimoiy holatga munosabati haqida so‘z boradi. Hozirgacha Mashrab shaxsiyati va uning ijodiy faoliyati tadqiqotchilar tomonidan atroflicha o‘rganilgan va qator natijalarga ham erishilgan, biroq shoirning turli sarguzashtlarga boy hayoti va xalqchil, sof, samimiy she’riyati zamiridagi mohiyat, ijtimoiy ohanglar aks etgan asarlari to‘laqonli o‘rganilishi kerak. Mazkur maqola bu xususdagi izlanishlar, tahlillar va metodlar asosida olingan natijalarga asoslangan.

This thesis delves into the unique characteristics and strategic importance of events as a core tool in public relations. It examines how event organization within PR goes beyond mere logistics, serving as a powerful mechanism for brand building, reputation management, and fostering stakeholder engagement. The research explores the intricate planning, execution, and evaluation phases, highlighting the integration of communication strategies, target audience analysis, and measurable objectives crucial for successful PR events. Furthermore, it analyzes the impact of various event formats—from corporate conferences and product launches to community outreach programs and press briefings—on public perception and organizational goals.

Дунёдаги ривожланган замонавий давлатларда фуқароларнинг давлат ҳокимияти ва маҳаллий ўзини ўзи бошқариш органларига мурожаат қилиш ҳуқуқларии мавжуд. Уларнинг айримларида фуқароларнинг бу ҳуқуқлари Конституция, айримларида эса қонунлар ва қонун ҳужжатларида мустаҳкамланган.

Ушбу мақолада, биологик соф маҳаллий биопрепарат  хитозан нанопрепаратлари таъсирида соя ўсимлик баргларининг юзаси кенгайиши аниқланиб, таҳлил қилинган ва олинган натижалар ҳақидаги маълумотлар келтирилган.

Personal names serve as fundamental linguistic and cultural markers, reflecting the historical, social, and anthropocentric factors that influence their formation and development. This study explores the role of anthropocentric elements, including cultural heritage, linguistic structures, social norms, and religious beliefs, in shaping personal names in English and Karakalpak languages. Through a comparative analysis, the research highlights the etymological origins, phonetic adaptations, and gender-specific trends that characterize name formation in both linguistic communities. The findings indicate that while English names have evolved through Latin, Germanic, and French influences, Karakalpak names have preserved strong Turkic and Islamic roots. Additionally, name borrowing and adaptation demonstrate the dynamic nature of naming conventions in response to globalization and sociocultural changes. This systematic study provides deeper insights into the intersection of language, culture, and human identity, contributing to the broader field of onomastics and linguistic anthropology.

In this scientific work, the morphometric changes in the diameter of primary, secondary, and tertiary follicles of the ovaries of goats at the stages of postnatal ontogenesis were studied. The results of the study showed that the diameter of the follicles consistently increases with age. Growth was especially rapid in the period from 3 to 12 months. No significant differences were observed between the right and left ovaries, but in some cases, the follicles of the left ovary showed a slightly larger diameter. The overall growth coefficient was 2.89 times in primary follicles, 3.38-3.39 times in secondary ones, and 2.05-2.07 times in tertiary ones.

Word classes with high frequency in Uzbek epic texts have been extensively studied using lexical-semantic, statistical and stylistic analysis methods of linguistics. This article analyzes the frequency distribution of word classes, their role in the text structure, semantic groups and stylistic features based on the texts of such important epics as “Alpomish”, “Gorog‘li”, “Kuntug‘mish” and “Ravshan”. The study uses modern corpus linguistics methods and automatic word class detection algorithms. The results show the dominance of nouns, verbs and adjectives in epics, as well as their context-dependent functions and influence on poetic structure. The study serves to provide a deeper understanding of the lexical richness, linguistic features and their cultural and morphological significance of Uzbek epics.

This article expresses thoughts on the shared imagery in the poetry of Abdulla Oripov, the beloved poet of the Uzbek people, and Ibrayim Yusupov, the crown of Karakalpak poetry. It analyzes the poems of these creators from two fraternal peoples. The artistic similarities and unique qualities in the works of prominent Uzbek and Karakalpak creators are revealed through the example of the human image in literature.

Maqolada O‘zbekiston Respublikasida qurilish sohasini modernizatsiya qilish zaruriyati, asosiy yo‘nalishlari va amalga oshirilayotgan chora-tadbirlar tahlil qilinadi. Zamonaviy texnologiyalar, raqamlashtirish, “yashil” qurilish va kadrlar salohiyatini oshirish orqali qurilish sohasining samaradorligini ta’minlash bo‘yicha tavsiyalar beriladi.

Maqolada O‘zbekistonda sug‘urta tizimini liberallashtirish zarurati, bu jarayonning asosiy yo‘nalishlari, davlat ishtirokining kamaytirilishi, raqobat muhitining shakllanishi va xususiy sektorning roli yoritilgan. Shuningdek, xalqaro tajriba asosida mamlakat sug‘urta bozorini modernizatsiya qilish, soliq yengilliklari va axborot texnologiyalarini joriy etish orqali tizim samaradorligini oshirish yo‘llari ko‘rib chiqilgan.

Maqolada boshlang‘ich va o‘rta darajadagi tayyorgarlik darajasidagi sportchilarga stol tennisida taktik harakatlarni o‘rgatish metodologiyasi muhokama qilinadi. Taktik texnikani o‘rgatish bo‘yicha maxsus ishlab chiqilgan dastur samaradorligini aniqlashga qaratilgan 10 nafar sportchi ishtirokida o‘tkazilgan pedagogik tajriba natijalari keltirilgan. Eksperimentdan oldingi va keyingi ko‘rsatkichlarning qiyosiy tahlili, shuningdek, taktik tayyorgarlikning mavjud yondashuvlari tahlili keltirilgan. Olingan natijalar o‘yin vazifalarini, o‘yin vaziyatlarini modellashtirish va raqobat faoliyati elementlarini o‘z ichiga olgan kompleks metodologiyani amalga oshirish maqsadga muvofiq degan xulosaga kelishimizga imkon beradi.

Data sovereignty and cross-border data flow governance have become key issues in the global digital age. This article analyzes the theoretical divisions and practical conflicts between data sovereignty and data freedom. On the one hand, the theory of data sovereignty extends from traditional sovereignty to technological sovereignty, emphasizing the state's jurisdiction over data; on the other hand, the theory of data freedom has been alienated in practice into the long-arm jurisdiction implemented by the United States and Europe through the Cloud Act and GDPR, forming a new type of digital hegemony. Research shows that the practices of various countries are divided into two models: the "indirect governance" of the European Union and the "direct control" of emerging countries, and there is a trend of mutual learning and integration. In the face of governance fragmentation caused by long-arm jurisdiction, countries need to build a data governance system that balances security and development, strengthen data cooperation through various innovative measures, and promote orderly flows while maintaining data sovereignty.

Dori vositalaridan noto'g'ri foydalanish global sog'liqni saqlash muammosi bo'lib, jiddiy tibbiy va ijtimoiy oqibatlarga olib keladi. Farmatsevtlarning dori vositalari bilan bog'liq bilimlari va bemorlar bilan bevosita aloqasi ularga ushbu muammoning oldini olishda muhim rol o'ynash imkonini beradi. Ushbu maqola dori vositalaridan noto'g'ri foydalanishning oldini olishda farmatsevtlarning o'rnini baholash bo'yicha mavjud adabiyotlarning bibliografik tahlilini taqdim etadi.

Ushbu maqolada boshlang‘ich sinf o‘quvchilarini kitobxonlikka o‘rgatish jarayonida ularning kommunikativ kompetentligini rivojlantirish masalalari yoritilgan. Tadqiqot davomida kitob o‘qishga bo‘lgan qiziqish va mustaqil fikrlash orqali bolalarda tilni to‘g‘ri va erkin qo‘llash, muloqotga kirisha olish, o‘z fikrini aniq bayon eta olish ko‘nikmalari shakllanishi tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, dars jarayonida o‘quvchilarning kommunikativ kompetentligini shakllantirishda adabiyot matnlari, suhbat, rolli o‘yinlar va ijodiy topshiriqlarning tutgan o‘rni yoritilgan.

Mazkur ilmiy tezisda O‘zbekiston Respublikasida kredit bozorining rivojlanish tendensiyalari, mavjud muammolar hamda istiqboldagi imkoniyatlar tahlil qilinadi. Kredit bozori mamlakat iqtisodiyotining muhim tarkibiy qismi sifatida aholi va tadbirkorlik subyektlarini moliyalashtirishda asosiy rol o‘ynaydi. Tezisda kreditlashning hozirgi holati statistik ma’lumotlar asosida ko‘rib chiqilib, raqamli texnologiyalar, moliyaviy inklyuziya va hududiy muvozanatni ta’minlash orqali bozorni takomillashtirish zarurligi asoslab berilgan. Xususan, foiz siyosatini optimallashtirish, kredit axborot tizimlarini kengaytirish, hamda kichik biznes uchun moliyaviy qulayliklar yaratish asosiy istiqbolli yo‘nalishlar sifatida taqdim etiladi. Tezis yakunida kredit bozorining barqaror va inklyuziv rivojlanishi O‘zbekiston iqtisodiyotining raqobatbardoshligini oshirishda muhim omil ekani xulosa qilinadi.

Ushbu maqolada epilepsiya kasalligining klinik turlari, patofiziologik mexanizmlari va zamonaviy antiepileptik preparatlari tahlil qilingan. Epilepsiya — bu markaziy asab tizimining surunkali nevrologik kasalligi bo’lib, u takrorlanuvchi tutqanoqlar bilan namoyon bo’ladi. Maqolada generalize va fokal turdagi epilepsiyalar, ularning asosiy klinik ko’rinishlari va diagnostika usullari ko’rib chiqilgan. Shuningdek, epilepsiyaning asosida yotuvchi ion kanallari disfunktsiyasi, neyrotransmitterlar muvozanati, genetik omillar va neyroinflamatsiya mexanizmlari batafsil yoritilgan. Zamonaviy antiepileptik preparatlar, ularning ta’sir mexanizmlari, farmakokinetik xususiyatlari va klinik qo’llanilishi ham tahlil etilgan. Maqola epilepsiya bo’yicha chuqur ilmiy-tadqiqotga asoslangan tahlillarni o’z ichiga olib, ushbu kasallikni zamonaviy nuqtayi nazardan tushunishga xizmat qiladi.

This thesis examines how Betty Smith's A Tree Grows in Brooklyn highlights the themes of education, the symbolic significance of the tree, and the socioeconomic challenges that women face. Understanding the interplay of education, symbolism, and socioeconomic barriers in female identity is crucial in today’s world, especially in Uzbekistan, where women continue to seek empowerment in the face of traditional norms and economic challenges. By contextualizing Smith's work within the Uzbek experience, this study aims to illuminate the universal struggles for female identity and empowerment, showcasing how literature can reflect and inform societal issues. This analysis will not only contribute to the literary discourse surrounding A Tree Grows in Brooklyn but also provide insights into the ongoing journey of women in Uzbekistan as they strive for resilience and self-actualization.

Along with all levels of the onomastic system, ethnonyms also have their own patterns of formation. As in many Turkic languages, Uzbek also has simple, compound, root, and derived ethnonyms, which differ from other languages in some aspects according to the rules of Uzbek grammar. This article conducts analyses within the framework of this topic. Ethnonyms related to the Qo'ng'irot clan were selected as the object of study.

Public-private partnership (PPP) projects involve complex financial, technical and legal risks, and their effective management is an important factor in ensuring investment sustainability. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the international experience of risk management systems in PPP projects, assessing advanced approaches and their applicability in the conditions of Uzbekistan. The study examined the experiences of the United Kingdom, Australia and South Korea, and analyzed their mechanisms for identifying, allocating and monitoring risks. The results show that balanced risk allocation and transparent monitoring tools are crucial for the success of PPP projects.

Ushbu maqolada Hofiz Xorazmiy ijodi va uning o‘zbek adabiyoti taraqqiyotidagi o‘rni yoritilgan. Shoirning asarlari, adabiy uslubi, ijodiy merosining badiiy va ilmiy ahamiyati tahlil qilinadi. Xususan, uning devonidagi g‘azallar va qasidalarning mavzular doirasi, obrazlar tizimi va til boyligi o‘rganiladi. Shuningdek, maqolada Hofiz Xorazmiyning o‘zbek adabiyotidagi ijodiy o‘rni, uning adabiy merosi va badiiy uslubining o‘ziga xos jihatlari tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, shoirning o‘zbek adabiyoti rivojiga qo‘shgan hissasi yoritiladi.

Bank kapitali tijorat banklarining moliyaviy barqarorligi, risklarni qamrab olish qobiliyati va faoliyatini kengaytirish imkoniyatlarining asosi hisoblanadi. Mazkur tezisda bank kapitalining tuzilmasi, uni boshqarishning nazariy asoslari hamda amaliy jihatlari tahlil qilinadi. Xususan, Basel III standartlari doirasida yadro va qo‘shimcha kapital elementlari, kapital yetarliligini baholash tizimlari (ICAAP) va stress-testlar asosida riskga mos boshqaruv strategiyalari o‘rganiladi. O‘zbekiston bank tizimida mavjud kapital strukturasining zaif tomonlari, kapital zaxiralari yetishmovchiligi, diversifikatsiyalash darajasi va xalqaro moliyaviy vositalardan foydalanish holatlari amaliy misollar asosida ko‘rib chiqiladi. Tadqiqot natijalariga ko‘ra, bank kapitalini boshqarish tizimini takomillashtirish uchun kapital tarkibini diversifikatsiyalash, raqamli xavflarga tayyorlikni oshirish va strategik kapital siyosatini joriy etish zarurligi ta’kidlanadi. Taklif etilgan chora-tadbirlar banklar moliyaviy barqarorligini mustahkamlashga xizmat qiladi.

Along with all levels of the onomastic system, ethnonyms also have their own patterns of formation. As in many Turkic languages, Uzbek also has simple, compound, root, and derived ethnonyms, which differ from other languages in some aspects according to the rules of Uzbek grammar. This article conducts analyses within the framework of this topic. Ethnonyms related to the Qo'ng'irot clan were selected as the object of study.

Ushbu maqolada sun’iy intellekt (AI) texnologiyalarining inson hayotiga ta’siri, ularning hozirgi kundagi qo‘llanilishi, keltirayotgan imkoniyatlari va xavf-xatarlar tahlil qilingan. Sog‘liqni saqlash, ta’lim, moliya, sanoat va boshqa sohalarda sun’iy intellektning qo‘llanilishi misollar orqali yoritilib, kelajakda yuzaga kelishi mumkin bo‘lgan ehtimoliy tahdidlar — xususan, ish o‘rinlarining qisqarishi, ma’lumotlar maxfiyligining buzilishi, etik muammolar va nazoratdan chiqish holatlari haqida batafsil fikr yuritilgan. Maqola sun’iy intellektning imkoniyatlarini to‘g‘ri boshqarish, uni axloqiy va xavfsiz tarzda rivojlantirish zarurligiga urg‘u beradi.

Ushbu maqolada Markaziy Osiyo mintaqasidagi besh mustaqil davlat – O‘zbekiston, Qozog‘iston, Qirg‘iziston, Tojikiston va Turkmaniston o‘rtasidagi do‘stona munosabatlarning shakllanishi, rivojlanish bosqichlari va zamonaviy holati tahlil qilinadi. Tarixiy ildizlardan boshlab, bugungi geosiyosiy va iqtisodiy vaziyatda hamkorlikning ahamiyati yoritiladi. Siyosiy aloqalar, iqtisodiy integratsiya, madaniy-gumanitar yaqinlik, ekologik va xavfsizlik sohalaridagi hamkorlik masalalari qamrab olingan. Shuningdek, mintaqaviy birdamlikning xalqaro miqyosdagi o‘rni va istiqbollari haqida ham fikr yuritiladi. Maqola ilmiy-publitsistik uslubda yozilgan bo‘lib, universitet talabalariga, siyosatshunoslar va xalqaro munosabatlar sohasi tadqiqotchilariga mo‘ljallangan.

Since its introduction by Koehler and Mishra (2008), various strategies have been developed to help experienced teachers build their TPACK (Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge). Even in its early stages—when it was still referred to as TPCK—researchers suggested specific methods for its development. These included collaborative learning-by-design models for in-service teachers (Koehler & Mishra, 2005) and university faculty (Koehler et al., 2004), as well as instructional systems design (Angeli & Valanides, 2005) and reflective practice (Niess, 2005) for pre-service teachers. Over time, a total of twelve distinct strategies have emerged to foster this specialized form of applied knowledge. This chapter outlines these twelve approaches and situates them within the broader context of teacher professional development (PD), highlighting recent trends in TPACK-focused teacher learning and future research directions.

In the scientific work, research was conducted on a comprehensive evaluation of double-layer knitted fabrics made of pan yarn, with the aim of effectively using local raw materials.