THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
10
BRIBERY AS A BARRIER TO ECONOMIC INTEGRITY: LEGAL
FRAMEWORKS, ENFORCEMENT CHALLENGES, AND SOCIETAL
IMPACT
Akramova Muazzam Turdikul kizi
Teacher of International school of
Finance and Technology Institute
Phone: +998970117618
akramovam@isft.uz
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15515236
Abstract:
Bribery remains a pervasive issue undermining public trust, economic
efficiency, and the legitimacy of institutions worldwide. This article examines
the multifaceted nature of bribery, from its economic and legal implications to
enforcement practices in various countries. Through an analysis grounded in
economic theory, criminal law, and global case studies, the paper highlights both
progress and persistent gaps in anti-bribery regulation and enforcement. The
findings show that while legal reforms like the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
and the UK Bribery Act have strengthened global frameworks, disparities in
implementation and cultural tolerance continue to hinder their full
effectiveness.
Keywords:
Bribery, corruption, enforcement, public sector, Foreign Corrupt Practices
Act, UK Bribery Act, economic impact, legal regulation
Bribery, a core form of corruption, erodes the rule of law and economic
equity. It entails the exchange of value to influence the actions of officials or
decision-makers, often resulting in distorted public services and unfair
competitive advantages. This paper explores the economic and legal dimensions
of bribery, identifies current enforcement mechanisms, and evaluates their
effectiveness in deterring corrupt practices across jurisdictions. A literature-
based qualitative analysis was conducted using peer-reviewed articles and
policy research focused on bribery. Emphasis was placed on comparative legal
frameworks, economic analysis of corruption, and enforcement patterns in the
United States, United Kingdom, Indonesia, and other global regions. The
research draws from multidisciplinary sources including law, economics, and
public administration. In particular, “Bribery of national public officials” means
promising, offering, or giving an undue advantage to a public official, either
directly or indirectly, for the official themselves or for another individual or legal
entity, in order to influence the official to act or refrain from acting in the course
THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
11
of their official duties. It also includes situations where a public official, during
the performance of their official duties, either directly or through
intermediaries, solicits or accepts an undue advantage for themselves or for
another individual or legal entity, in order to act or refrain from acting in a
certain way. The situations described in this article of the Convention are
separately stipulated as criminal liabilities under Articles 210, 211, and 212 of
the Criminal Code of our Republic.[1]
1. Economic and Legal Foundations of Bribery
Bribery creates inefficiencies in resource allocation and distorts public
decision-making. Economic analyses show that weak penalties and high
expected benefits of bribery contribute to its persistence. [2] The legal system
often fails to proportionately punish offenders, especially for large-scale
corruption.
2. Comparative Regulatory Approaches
United States:
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) has increased
enforcement globally, focusing primarily on the supply side of bribery in foreign
dealings. [3]
United Kingdom:
The Bribery Act 2010 provides a comprehensive legal
regime that criminalizes both domestic and foreign bribery, with strict liability
for corporations.[4]
Indonesia:
Legal gaps still exist in regulating private-to-private bribery,
with calls for reform to align corruption laws with economic efficiency
principles.[5]
3. Challenges in Enforcement
Weak Deterrence:
Enforcement remains patchy, especially where
institutional integrity is low. High-level officials often escape punishment due to
political insulation. [6]
Technological Complexity:
The use of cryptocurrencies and digital
transfers complicates the detection and prosecution of bribery offenses. [7]
Global Coordination:
Multinational enforcement requires cooperation
between legal systems, yet efforts remain uneven. [8]
Bribery is deeply rooted in governance and institutional design. Economic
theory suggests that increasing the perceived cost of bribery through harsher
sanctions and probability of detection can deter such behavior. [9] However,
legal reforms must also address the societal normalization of corruption and
improve public accountability structures. The rising internationalization of anti-
THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
12
bribery standards signals progress but underscores the need for consistent
enforcement and cultural change.
Conclusion
Bribery continues to threaten economic fairness and institutional trust
worldwide. While global legal frameworks like the FCPA and UK Bribery Act
mark significant progress, gaps in enforcement, institutional capacity, and
political will hinder effectiveness. Combating bribery requires not only robust
legislation but also sustained enforcement, cross-border cooperation, and
cultural transformation to strengthen ethical governance.
References:
1.
R.Rahmatov. International standards on the responsibility of the crime of
mediation in the issuance of bribes. Eurasian journal of law, finance and applied
sciences. P.97
2.
Goldman & Zeume, 2020)
3.
Resmen et al., 2022
4.
Nemchenko, 2019
5.
Low et al., 2010
6.
Sarpekov & Rakhmetov, 2024
7.
Rose-Ackerman, 2010
8.
Ryder, 2015
9.
Shenje, 2016
