№ 13 (2025) Theoretical aspects in the formation of pedagogical sciences

The theme of loneliness has been a significant subject in world literature, particularly in the 20th century, marked by wars, rapid urbanization, and shifting social norms. This study analyzes the role of symbolism and imagery in conveying loneliness in selected Uzbek and English short stories. It compares the cultural and stylistic approaches of writers from two different literary traditions in expressing solitude and alienation through symbolic elements. The study aims to reveal how universal emotions like loneliness are shaped and deepened through specific cultural codes and artistic techniques.

Bribery remains a pervasive issue undermining public trust, economic efficiency, and the legitimacy of institutions worldwide. This article examines the multifaceted nature of bribery, from its economic and legal implications to enforcement practices in various countries. Through an analysis grounded in economic theory, criminal law, and global case studies, the paper highlights both progress and persistent gaps in anti-bribery regulation and enforcement. The findings show that while legal reforms like the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the UK Bribery Act have strengthened global frameworks, disparities in implementation and cultural tolerance continue to hinder their full effectiveness.

This thesis examines the publication by Ahmad Naim titled "Red Russians in Turkestan."

New qualitative changes in the social, cultural, economic and political spheres have shown that the theoretical capabilities of classical management are insufficient. It was based on the predominance of technocratic approaches and the growth of material factors. This required updating the methodological tools of management theory, the formation of a conceptual framework for a new, innovative management that uses integrated and systematic approaches to managing "human resources" in relation to the strategic goals of organizations.

Davlat va jamiyat hayotida har bir sohaning o'z o 'rni va ahamiyati bor. Har bir mamlakat o 'z fuqarolari uchun munosib turmush sharoitlarini yaratish maqsadida islohotlar va yangilanishlarni amalga oshiradi. Ushbu islohotlar qatorida ijtimoiy soha va u bilan bevosita bog'liq bo'lgan ijtimoiy siyosat ham asosiy o'rin egallaydi. Mazkur maqolada bugungi kunda Yangi O'zbekistonimiz rivoji va istiqbolida muhim hisoblangan ijtimoiy siyosat, uni adolatli va oqilona yuritish hamda ushbu siyosatning mamlakatimiz taraqqiyotidagi ahamiyati haqida fikr-mulohazalar va xulosalar keltirilgan.

Хроническая сердечная недостаточность и дисфункция почек представляют собой серьезную клиническую проблему, поскольку их сочетание значительно ухудшает качество жизни, а также, ограничивает терапевтические возможности в лечении .Сочетание хронической сердечной недостаточности (ХСН) и хронической болезни почек (ХБП) значительно ухудшает прогноз пациентов, способствуя ремоделированию миокарда, прогрессирующему застоя и активации нейрогуморальных механизмов.

Mazkur maqolada “obraz” tushunchasining badiiy adabiyotdagi keng ma’nodagi talqini tahlil qilinadi. Xususan, Abdulla Oripov ijodiga mansub “Haj daftari” turkumidagi she’rlar asosida obrazlarning diniy, falsafiy va ijtimoiy yuklamalari ochib beriladi. Shoir lirik qahramon kechinmalari, xalq dardiga hamdardlik, insoniy kamolot, tavba, najot, hidoyat kabi tushunchalarni chuqur poetik obrazlar vositasida ifodalaydi. Tadqiqotda Ka’batulloh, Muhammad (s.a.v.) va Shayton obrazlari tahlil etilib, ularning ma’naviy-estetik funksiyalari yoritiladi. Maqola adabiy tahlil orqali obraz tushunchasining g‘oyaviy-estetik imkoniyatlarini ochib beradi hamda zamonaviy o‘zbek she’riyati misolida bu tushunchaning badiiy mohiyatini anglashga xizmat qiladi

Sport psixologiyasi sohasida musobaqa oldi stressni yengish strategiyalari insonning ruhiy holatini barqarorlashtirish, sport samaradorligini oshirish va musobaqa paytida yuqori natijalarga erishishda muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi. Ushbu strategiyalar sportchilarni stressga qarshi immunitetini kuchaytirish, motivatsiyani oshirish hamda konsentratsiyani yaxshilashga qaratilgan samarali usullarni o‘z ichiga oladi.

Zamonaviy axborot jamiyatida umumiy xavfsizlikning aspektlari, axborot xavfsizligi asosiy masalalardan biridir. Axborot xavfsizligining tarkibiy qismlari maxfiylik, yaxlitlik, mavjudlik, autentifikatsiya va avtorizatsiya, zararli dasturlardan himoyalanish, audit va hatto jismoniy xavfsizlikdir.

This article analyzes the current state of the forensic expert training system, its systemic problems, approaches based on international experience, innovative achievements, and the need for legal and institutional reforms. The article presents conceptual proposals for improving the strategy for training personnel in the field of forensic examination based on the experience of Germany, the USA, and other foreign countries. The article considers the coordination of the level of professional training with the technological development of modern forensic examination as a pressing issue.

The English language is a curious melting pot of words from across the globe, forged through a millennia of invasions, wars, colonial expansion and scientific and cultural developments.

Positive aspects in the social policy of the countries of Central Asia are important in the development, stability of the region and the formation of civil society. After these states gained independence, they began to carry out large-scale reforms in the areas of improving the standard of living of the population, developing health and education systems, Activating Youth and women's policies, strengthening social protection. As a result of this policy, the social activity of the population increased, and confidence in the state among citizens was strengthened. In the process of building social equality, stability and a healthy society, the development of digital services, the provision of targeted assistance and the management system based on the principles of transparency have set the stage for positive changes. In this thesis, detailed opinions and reflections on the positive aspects in the social policy of the countries of Central Asia are kept.

This conference thesis examines how lexicographic methods can improve the translation of linguistic terminology between English and Uzbek. With growing academic exchange and English-medium instruction in Uzbekistan, the precise and culturally appropriate translation of specialized terms is essential. This study explores current bilingual linguistic dictionaries, identifies common translation errors and gaps, and presents lexicographic strategies for enhancing accuracy and consistency.

Diabetes mellitus (DM), encompassing type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D), is a complex disease influenced by genetic and environmental factors. This article explores the hereditary basis of DM, focusing on key genetic variants, their mechanisms, and clinical implications. T1D is strongly linked to HLA genes, while T2D involves multiple loci, notably TCF7L2. Epigenetic modifications and gene-environment interactions further modulate disease risk. Advances in genetic research offer opportunities for early diagnosis and personalized treatment, but ethical challenges must be addressed. This review underscores the critical role of genetics in DM and highlights future directions for precision medicine.

This article is about Du Huan and his travel stories. Du Huan’s guidebook lists the places he visited roughly from east to west. The article shows the route of Du Huan, who traveled from the kingdom of Shosh through the Jenju (Norin) river to the state of Kang, then crossed the Amu Darya from Bukhara and reached Marw, also known as Mugo (穆国) on its southern bank (north of modern Mari in Turkmenistan) and gives information about the events he witnessed. This article also details Du Huan's impressions of the famous Battle of the Talas River between the Arabs and the Tang Dynasty. Du Huan also writes information about paper production in the city of Samarkand. Du Huan’s travelogue contains valuable information about Central Asia and reflects the life of cities, the way of living of the population, political, social and economic situation. The article provides explanations of the names of the countries mentioned in Du Huan’s travelogue. Du Huan was a great explorer who visited many places in the western region and traveled to Central Asia, West Asia, the Mediterranean coast and Africa. This is confirmed by his work “Travel”.

This paper explores the theory of the sentence in modern English, examining its structure, classification, and functions within linguistic and communicative frameworks. The study analyzes how sentences are formed, the syntactic rules they follow, and the roles they play in conveying meaning in spoken and written discourse. Particular attention is given to sentence types—simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex—as well as the functional classification of sentences based on communicative purpose. Modern linguistic approaches, including generative grammar and functional grammar, are considered to provide a comprehensive understanding of sentence formation and usage in contemporary English.

This article analyzes the directions of modernizing the justice system within the framework of the "Uzbekistan – 2030" strategy of the Republic of Uzbekistan. In particular, reforms aimed at improving the judicial and legal system, digitalization, and protection of human rights are examined. The article reviews the existing legal framework and proposes suggestions for the future development of the "Justice 2030" strategy.

This comprehensive article investigates the multifaceted role of teacher gestures in classroom environments, emphasizing their significance in enhancing communication, comprehension, engagement, and classroom management. Drawing on diverse academic studies and practical insights, the paper delves into the theoretical frameworks of non-verbal communication, categorization of gestures, cognitive and psychological impact on learners, and cross-cultural nuances. The findings underscore the importance of intentional and culturally responsive gesture use by educators to optimize learning outcomes and build rapport with students.

Investment resources are essential for ensuring long-term enterprise growth, competitiveness, and innovation. These resources allow businesses to finance capital projects, expand operations, develop new products, and enter new markets. Without proper investment planning and capital management, enterprises may face stagnation or lose market relevance.

Bugungi kunda ta’lim tizimining zamonaviy talablar asosida takomillashuvi davlat taraqqiyotining muhim omillaridan biridir. Xususan, umumta’lim tizimini rivojlantirishda ilg‘or xorijiy tajribalarni o‘rganish va amaliyotga tatbiq etish o‘quvchilarning bilimini baholashda ham, sifatli ta’lim berishda ham muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi. Ushbu tezisda Finlyandiya ta’lim tizimi misolida bilim baholash va umumta’lim jarayonlarini takomillashtirish borasidagi samarali tajribalar o‘rganiladi.

Mazkur tezisda tarix fanini o‘qitishda zamonaviy yondashuvlardan biri bo‘lgan arxeologik vositalar va o‘yinli texnologiyalardan foydalanishning ahamiyati yoritiladi. Shuningdek, o‘quvchilarning tarixiy tafakkuri, qiziqishi va mustaqil fikrlashini rivojlantirishda ushbu metodlarning roli ko‘rsatib o‘tiladi.

Mazkur tezisda tarix fanini o‘qitishda zamonaviy yondashuvlardan biri bo‘lgan arxeologik vositalar va o‘yinli texnologiyalardan foydalanishning ahamiyati yoritiladi. Shuningdek, o‘quvchilarning tarixiy tafakkuri, qiziqishi va mustaqil fikrlashini rivojlantirishda ushbu metodlarning roli ko‘rsatib o‘tiladi.

Ushbu maqola diniy ekstremizm bilan bog‘liq huquqbuzarliklarni oldini olish uchun zarur bo‘lgan chora-tadbirlar haqida batafsil tahlil beradi. Diniy ekstremizm nafaqat diniy e'tiqodlarni, balki jamiyatda barqarorlik va xavfsizlikni tahdid qiladi. Maqolada diniy ekstremizmning asosiy sabablari, jumladan, ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy tengsizlik, diniy va siyosiy omillar, shuningdek, psixologik va madaniy omillar ko‘rib chiqiladi. Shuningdek, diniy ekstremizmni oldini olish uchun ta'lim tizimini rivojlantirish, iqtisodiy barqarorlikni ta'minlash, yoshlarni ekstremistik guruhlardan himoya qilish va xalqaro hamkorlikni kuchaytirish kabi chora-tadbirlar keltirilgan. Maqola, diniy ekstremizmga qarshi kurashishda huquqiy mexanizmlarni takomillashtirish va ijtimoiy muammolarni kompleks ravishda hal qilish zarurligini ta'kidlaydi. Diniy ekstremizmga qarshi samarali kurashish uchun barcha ijtimoiy qatlamlar, davlatlar va xalqaro hamjamiyat o‘rtasida muvofiqlashtirilgan sa'y-harakatlar zarur.

Kopula funksiyalari yordamida ehtimollikning ko‘p o‘lchovli taqsimot qonunini tuzishimiz mumkin. Ular qaralayotgan ko‘p o‘lchovli tasodifiy miqdorlar komponentalari orasidagi mavjud bog‘liqlik xarakterini va ko‘p o‘lchovli qonunini analiz qilish bilan bir o‘lchovli marginal taqsimotlar orqali ifodalanadi.

Инновациялар фаровонликни ошириш ва узоқ муддатли барқарор ўсишни таъминлашнинг калити сифатида тобора кўпроқ қаралмоқда. Инновация иқтисодий ўсиш жараёнининг муҳим таркибий қисми сифатида тан олинган бўлиб, уни кенг маънода янги маҳсулотлар, жараёнлар ва хизматларни ишлаб чиқиш, жойлаштириш ва иқтисодий фойдаланиш сифатида таърифлаш мумкин. Сўнгги ўн йилликлар олдинги ўсиш моделларининг такомиллаштирилганига гувоҳ бўлдики, у жисмоний шахслар томонидан таълимга инвестицияларни ва корхоналар томонидан илмий-тадқиқот ишларни, инновацион технологиларни қўлланилишини ўз ичига олади.