ЖИНОЯТ
ҲУҚУҚИ
ВА
ЖИНОЯТ
ЖАРАЁНИ
♦
CRIMINAL LAW AND CRIMINAL PROCESS
♦
УГОЛОВНОЕ
ПРАВО
И
УГОЛОВНЫЙ
ПРОЦЕСС
2007
№
1
♦
ЎЗБЕКИСТОН
ҚОНУНЧИЛИГИ
ТАҲЛИЛИ
♦
UZBEK LAW REVIEW
♦
ОБЗОР
ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВА
УЗБЕКИСТАНА
59
Sh.F. Fayziev
*
Researcher of TSIL
THE QUESTIONS OF HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
OF INQUEST
1
BODIES IN UZBEKISTAN
It is necessary to look at history of inquest institution to
explain the meaning of the institution. If we study the his-
tory of inquest institution in Uzbekistan we find no informa-
tion about it until the second chapter of XIX century
2
. The
term of "inquest" was used in legal documents of courts
for the first time in 1864. At that times news about of any
crime were determined by preliminary searching bodies
and inquest was simply a verification activity of administra-
tive police. It didn’t have a process feature
3
.
The inquest activities were not regulated by the legisla-
tive system of Russia and that’s why there was a lot of
violation of law. We know that there were Kokand, Khiva
and Bukhara kingdoms in the territory of Uzbekistan. After
annexing these kingdoms by Russian Empire, reorganiz-
ing and developing investigate bodies and their activities
was the part of purpose.
At that time criminal and civil cases began with the
claim of victims and were heart by local judges directly.
The rules of investigations were not kept at all and these
cases were solved to the benefit of rich persons.
Kazi and Biys were local judges and they solved cases
by rules which named “shariat” and “odat”, and one’s in-
tentions. They even made some violation of rules for the
concealing the criminal cases.
There were three types of evidences in local courts:
1. Statement of guiltiness.
2. Witness evidence.
3. Oath
4
.
From the statements above it is obvious that there was
no investigation of crimes at that times.
5
The first inquest
bodies came out in Turkistan
6
after 1864. It was the result
of judicial reforms held in Russian Empire. After revolution
of October 1917, the inquest activity begun to be realized
by wide range of administrative bodies. In fact, after revo-
lution inquest institution totally changed. We can see the
development of inquest institution in Uzbekistan’s Criminal
Procedure Codes of 1926, 1929, and 1959.
For example, eleven inquest bodies were accounted in
*
See about author. www.shoxrud.boom.ru
1
The term inquest has been chosen in order to differ this stage
from "pliniminary investigation", which is next step criminal proce-
dure of Uzbekistan.
2
Ўзбеки
c
тон
Республикаси
энциклопедияси
"
Қомуслар
бош
таҳририяти
". Tashkent, 1997. P.56–156.
3
Гданова
Е
.
В
.,
Целинский
Б
.
П
.
Проблемы
дознания
по
делам
о
престулениях
,
связанных
с
незаконным
оборотом
наркоти
-
ков
//
Российский
следователь
. 2004.
№
1.
С
.15;
Судебные
уставы
20
ноября
1864
г
.,
С
изложением
рассуждений
.,
на
коих
они
основаны
,
изданные
Государственной
канцелярией
.
Ч
.2.
СПб
., 1867.
С
.112–113.
4
Абдумаджидов
.
Г
.
А
.
Развитие
законодательства
о
рассле
-
довании
преступлений
.
Ташкент
, 1974.
С
.6.
5 See for more information about Kazi and Biys local judges:
Материалы
к
истории
Советского
государства
и
права
Узбе
-
кистана
,
Ташкент
, 1958.
С
.27–33;
Сулейманова
Х
.
С
.
Создание
и
развитие
советского
суда
в
Туркестанской
АССР
. 1917–
1924.
Ташкент
, 1954.
С
.9–19;
Расулев
А
.
Х
.
Создание
и
разви
-
тие
советского
суда
в
Узбекистане
.
Ташкент
, 1957.
С
.7–34.
6
Region’s name, which includes the territory of nowadays’ Cen-
tral Asian countries.
the Criminal Procedure Code of 1926:
– police and other criminal search bodies;
– State Political Board (GPU), office of state fire con-
trol, agency of sanitary, technological and trade inspec-
tion, and agencies of labor and tax inspection – according
to their competence.
– state bodies and officials – cases related with illegal
actions of their inferiors.
There weren’t any differences between inquest and in-
vestigation bodies in the Criminal Procedure Code of
1929. So there was no separate chapter for the inquest
bodies. The inquest bodies were accounted as an investi-
gation bodies in the article 4 of this Code:
– police bodies;
– criminal-search bodies;
– state fire control bodies;
– special inspection bodies which are given the author-
ity to investigation by government;
– the legal advisers of institutions, organizations and
enterprises – the cases which happened in the institutions
(by the employees);
– the head of consumers’ society, the members of re-
vision commission, and the financial inspectors of state
trade companies;
-the inspectors of financial control against the cases of
money theft from the budgets of village councils.
In the Criminal Procedure Code of 1959 there was a
change. There were listed six inquest bodies in this Code:
– police bodies;
– commanders of the military bases and units, join,
chiefs of the military institutions and military educational
institutions - dealt with the crimes, committed by the mili-
tary men subordinating him.
– chiefs of correctional labor (penal) colonies – for the
cases of their supervision.
– state fire control bodies – on affairs of fire and
breaches of the fire-prevention rules;
– state border guard bodies – cases of breaches of the
state border;
– state security committee (KGB).
After independence of Uzbekistan (1991), two new
state bodies were added as inquest bodies into the list of
Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan
(1994). They are the State tax commitee of and State cus-
toms service.
The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan
adopted a resolution “About measures on reinforcement of
struggle against economic and tax crimes” in July 6, 2001.
According to the resolution a division of the State tax
committee – Main operative board on struggle against
offenses in tax sphere and its territorial subdivisions were
abolished. On the basis of the division the Department on
struggle against tax crimes was created under the Prose-
cutor's office of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Later this de-
partment changed into “the Department on struggle
against tax and currency crimes” under Prosecutor's office
of the Republic of Uzbekistan with the resolution of the
Cabinet of Ministers by November 28, 2002 “About meas-
ures on improvement the activity of the Department on
struggle against tax crimes under Prosecutor's office of the
Republic of Uzbekistan”;
According to the law of the Republic of Uzbekistan by
April 30, 2004 “About adding changes and additions into
some legislative acts of the Republic Uzbekistan” the
ЖИНОЯТ
ҲУҚУҚИ
ВА
ЖИНОЯТ
ЖАРАЁНИ
♦
CRIMINAL LAW AND CRIMINAL PROCESS
♦
УГОЛОВНОЕ
ПРАВО
И
УГОЛОВНЫЙ
ПРОЦЕСС
2007
№
1
♦
ЎЗБЕКИСТОН
ҚОНУНЧИЛИГИ
ТАҲЛИЛИ
♦
UZBEK LAW REVIEW
♦
ОБЗОР
ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВА
УЗБЕКИСТАНА
60
State borders’ guard committee of the Republic Uzbeki-
stan became a subdivision of National Security Service.
These changes affected the laws of the Republic of Uz-
bekistan “About state borders of the Republic of Uzbeki-
stan” and “About struggle against terrorism". The inquest
and operative-search activity on cases of struggle against
terrorism and state border protection is done by the Na-
tional Security Service.
According to the article 29 of the law “On state border
of the Republic of Uzbekistan”, National Security Service
of the Republic Uzbekistan undertakes intelligence,
counter-intelligence and operative-search activity; in es-
tablished order develops and applies measures against
contraband.
Police and state fire control office is included in the sys-
tem of Ministry of Internal Affairs and that’s why there is no
separate provision about the fire control bodies in the law.
In my opinion, it will be better if the inquest bodies are
given for the following structure:
1) The branches of the Ministry of Internal Affairs:
1.1 Police;
1.2 Chiefs of offices supervising the system of punish-
ment performance, chiefs of prisons and penal colonies –
cases about crimes against defined order of the service
performance committed by an employee of these institu-
tions, and other crimes committed within location of these
institutions;
1.3 Bodies of state fire control - cases about fire and
breaches of the fire-prevention rules;
2) Commanders of military units, military institutions
and educational institutions – cases of crimes committed
by subordinated servicemen;
3) Bodies of national security service – cases referred
by law to their conduct as well as cases on state border
violations;
4) Bodies of customs service – cases of customs legis-
lation violations;
5) Captains of sea ships in distant sail;
6) Department on struggle against tax and currency
crimes under Prosecutor's office of the Republic of Uz-
bekistan and its subdivisions on places – accordingly on
cases about violations of tax and currency legislation.
Резюме
Данная
статья
посвящена
совершенствованию
уго
-
ловно
-
процессуальной
деятельности
органов
дозна
-
ния
Республики
Узбекистан
.
В
вводной
части
рассматривается
понятие
термина
дознания
и
приводятся
некоторые
факты
из
ранее
действующих
УПК
РУз
.
В
основной
части
автор
всесторонне
рассматрива
-
ет
историческое
развитие
органов
дознания
в
Узбеки
-
стане
поэтапно
,
т
.
е
.
с
анализом
ранее
действовавших
1926, 1929, 1959
и
действующего
УПК
РУз
1994
г
.
В
заключении
автор
предлагает
в
целях
более
полного
обеспечения
прав
и
законных
интересов
гра
-
ждан
в
ходе
процессуальной
деятельности
органов
дознания
внести
ряд
изменений
в
структуру
органов
дознания
РУз
.
Н
.
Мухторов
ТДЮИ
тадқиқотчиси
ЭҲТИЁТСИЗЛИКДАН
СОДИР
ЭТИЛГАН
ЖИНОЯТЛАР
УЧУН
ЖАВОБГАРЛИКНИ
ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЦИЯЛАШ
МУАММОЛАРИ
Эҳтиётсизликдан
шаклида
содир
этилган
жиноят
-
лар
ва
улар
натижасида
етказилган
зарарнинг
хусу
-
сияти
кўпроқ
жиноят
субъекти
фаолиятининг
соҳаси
,
у
фойдаланадиган
техника
,
қурол
ва
воситалар
,
вазият
ва
бир
қанча
бошқа
ҳолатлар
билан
боғлиқ
.
Айбнинг
бу
шаклида
содир
этилган
жиноятларнинг
аксарияти
му
-
айян
белгиланган
қоидалар
асосида
фаолият
кўрса
-
тувчи
соҳаларда
учраши
кузатилади
.
Бизнинг
ҳисоби
-
мизга
кўра
Ўзбекистон
Республикасининг
амалдаги
Жиноят
кодексида
12
та
фақат
эҳтиётсизликдан
содир
этиладиган
ва
29
та
ҳам
қасддан
,
ҳам
эҳтиётсизликдан
содир
этиладиган
жиноятлар
кўрсатилган
.
Бу
масалада
профессор
М
.
Х
.
Рустамбоев
томони
-
дан
ёзилган
Жиноят
ҳуқуқи
(
Махсус
қисми
)
дарслигида
ЖК
Махсус
қисмидаги
алоҳида
жиноятларнинг
таркиби
кўрсатиб
ўтилган
бўлиб
,
унга
кўра
Жиноят
кодексининг
102, 111, 163, 172, 197, 207, 249, 266, 268, 269, 299,
300-
моддаларида
белгиланган
жиноятлар
фақат
эҳти
-
ётсизликдан
содир
этилиши
ва
116,162,174 (2007
йил
26
декабрдаги
Қонун
билан
чиқарилган
), 193, 195, 196,
199, 200, 201, 250, 253, 255, 256, 257, 257
1
, 258, 259,
260, 262, 165, 275, 282, 291, 292, 293, 294, 297, 298,
301,302-
моддаларида
белгиланган
жиноятлар
эса
айбнинг
икки
мустақил
шакли
–
ҳам
қасддан
ҳам
эҳти
-
ётсизликдан
содир
этилиши
мумкинлиги
кўрсатилган
.
1
Шунингдек
, 2007
йил
26
декабрда
расмий
эълон
қилин
-
ган
ва
шу
кундан
кучга
киритилган
Ўзбекистон
Респуб
-
ликасининг
“
Ахборотлаштириш
ва
маълумотлар
уза
-
тиш
соҳасида
қонунга
хилоф
ҳаракатлар
содир
этган
-
лик
учун
жавобгарликни
кучайтирилганлиги
муносаба
-
ти
билан
Ўзбекистон
Республикасининг
айрим
қонун
ҳужжатларига
ўзгартиш
ва
қўшимчалар
киритиш
тўғрисида
”
ги
Қонуни
билан
Жиноят
кодексига
киритил
-
ган
278
1
-
моддасида
белгиланган
жиноят
.
Лекин
ама
-
лиётда
айбнинг
икки
мустақил
шакли
ҳам
қасддан
ҳам
эҳтиётсизликдан
содир
этилиши
мумкин
бўлган
жино
-
ятларни
аниқ
ечимини
берадиган
қоидалар
,
яъни
со
-
дир
этилган
жиноятни
қасддан
ёки
эҳтиётсизликдан
эканлигини
кўрсатувчи
модданинг
диспозицияси
ЖК
Махсус
қисмида
алоҳида
кўрсатилмаганлиги
ва
амал
-
даги
Жиноят
кодексида
белгиланган
нормалар
талаби
боис
жиноятларни
малакалаш
ва
жазо
тайинлашда
ЖК
Махсус
қисмида
кўрсатилган
алоҳида
жиноятни
битта
қисмини
қасддан
содир
этса
ҳам
,
эҳтиётсизликдан
со
-
дир
этса
ҳам
шу
қисм
билан
малакаланиб
,
шу
қисм
санкциясида
белгиланган
жазоларни
тайинлаш
каби
номутаносибликларни
келтириб
чиқармоқда
.
Энг
муҳими
Жиноят
кодексининг
9-
моддасида
белгиланган
одиллик
принципининг
жиноят
содир
этишда
айбдор
бўлган
шахсга
нисбатан
қўлланиладиган
жазо
ва
бошқа
ҳуқуқий
таъсир
чораси
одилона
бўлиши
,
яъни
жиноятнинг
оғир
-
енгиллигига
,
айбнинг
ва
шахснинг
ижтимоий
хавфлилик
даражасига
мувофиқ
бўлиши
керак
деган
қоидасининг
бузилишига
олиб
келади
.
Ушбу
масалада
амалдаги
Россия
Федерацияси
Жи
-
ноят
кодексида
жиноятнинг
қасддан
ва
эҳтиётсизликдан
қилинган
шакллари
ажратилган
бўлиб
,
эҳтиётсизликдан
1
Рустамбоев
М
.
Х
.
Жиноят
ҳуқуқи
(
Махсус
қисм
):
Олий
ўқув
юртлари
учун
дарслик
.
Тошкент
, 2003. 559-
б
.
