World scientific research journal
https://scientific-jl.com/wsrj
Volume-39_Issue-2_May-2025
106
THE WIDESPREAD OF ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT BACTERIA
AND ITS IMPACT ON MEDICINE
Yunusova Guzal Fayzullayevna
Lecturer of the department of general surgery of the
Samarkand State Medical University
Annotation:
This article comprehensively reviews the relevance, causes of
spread, clinical significance, and impact of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) on the
medical field. The research highlights the increasing trend of ARB-related infections
and the limitations of existing treatment methods. Strategic approaches and
preventive measures to address the problem are proposed based on international
experience.
Key words:
Antibiotics, resistance, ACB, microbial evolution, hospital
infections, AMR strategy, approaches.
Introduction:
Antibiotics are one of the greatest discoveries of the 20th century,
making it possible to prevent and treat many deadly infectious diseases. The discovery
of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928 marked a turning point in the history of
medicine. However, as much as antibiotics have benefited humanity, their misuse,
uncontrolled and excessive use have also caused serious problems - in particular, the
emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB). Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
today threatens not only the health system, but also the global economy, food security
and national security. The World Health Organization (WHO) has listed AMR as “one
of the most serious threats to the future of humanity”. As of 2023, about 1.27 million
people worldwide die each year from ABR-related infections (The Lancet, 2022).
Uzbekistan is also not indifferent to this global problem. The sale of antibiotics
without a prescription in pharmacies, the misuse of drugs in veterinary medicine and
agriculture, and the technical underdevelopment of microbiological laboratories - all
this is leading to a worsening of the AMR situation. This article analyzes the
prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in Uzbekistan, the clinical manifestations
associated with them, the main causes of the problem, and the medical and social
consequences. The aim is to assess the current situation, develop strategic approaches
based on reliable scientific data, and identify effective ways to combat AMR.
Methodology:
Study design and setting The study was a multicenter, cross-
sectional study conducted from January 2023 to December 2024. It was conducted in
large medical institutions (city clinical hospitals and regional infectious diseases
hospitals) in three main regions of Uzbekistan - Tashkent city, Fergana and
Samarkand regions.
Study object and participants
World scientific research journal
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Volume-39_Issue-2_May-2025
107
A total of 450 patients were analyzed. All patients met the following
criteria
:
• Age over 18 years;
• Presented with an infectious syndrome upon admission to the hospital;
• Received or is scheduled to receive antibacterial therapy;
• Bacterial infection identified based on clinical specimens.
Biological sampling and laboratory processing
Patients were examined based on the following clinical specimens:
• Blood (for sepsis, bacteremia),
• Sputum and tracheal aspirate (pneumonia),
• Urine (urinary tract infections),
• Wound or postoperative exudate.
Sampling was performed in accordance with WHO and CLSI standards. Aseptic
conditions were maintained to prevent contamination of samples.Laboratoriya ishlov
berish va identifikatsiya
• Bacteria were cultured and identified to the species level (MacConkey agar,
Blood agar, Chocolate agar).
• Accuracy was increased using biochemical tests and automated systems (API
20E, VITEK-2 Compact).
• Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed using disk diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) and
MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) tests.
• Interpretation was based on CLSI 2022 and EUCAST 2023 guidelines.
Statistical analysis
• Data were processed using SPSS v26.0.
• Descriptive statistics, percentages, means, and variances were calculated.
• Correlation analysis was used to examine the relationship between antibiotic
use frequency and ACB levels.
• Results with a p < 0.05 value were considered statistically significant.
Results and analysis:
The results of the study showed a worrying situation
regarding the prevalence and intensity of ACB: Bacterial species and resistance
levels:
Bacteria type
Antibiotics with the highest resistance
levels
Percent of endurance
(%)
Escherichia coli
Ampicillin, Ceftriaxone
71%
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Cephalosporins, Carbapenemlar
63%
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA)
Methicillin, Oxacillin
38%
Acinetobacter baumannii
Imipenem, Meropenem
49%
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Piperacillin-Tazobactam, Ceftazidime
41%
World scientific research journal
https://scientific-jl.com/wsrj
Volume-39_Issue-2_May-2025
108
Key observations on the causes of the problem:
• Use of antibiotics without a doctor's recommendation - 58% of patients first
tried to self-medicate by purchasing antibiotics from a pharmacy.
• Antibiotics were stopped at the wrong dose or prematurely - in 33% of cases,
the course was not completed in full.
• Lack of updated knowledge about resistance among treating physicians - this
is especially observed in hospitals in rural areas.
• Microbiological laboratories are not adequately equipped - many hospitals are
unable to conduct antibiogram analysis on a regular basis.
Genetic mechanisms:
Strains have been identified among microbes that produce the enzymes ESBL
(Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases) and NDM-1 (New Delhi metallo-beta-
lactamase). These enzymes break down antibiotics, rendering them ineffective.
Conclusion:
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria pose a major threat to medical
practice. Their widespread spread is not only dangerous for patients' lives, but also
increases the cost of treatment in the healthcare system. To prevent this problem, we
need to:
• Use antibiotics only on the recommendation of a doctor;
• Improve diagnostic tools and strengthen microbiological control;
• Regularly inform the population and medical workers through information and
educational programs;
• Develop an AMR (antimicrobial resistance) strategy at the state policy level.
The current situation is not just a medical problem, but a social and global threat.
Action must start today.
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