World scientific research journal
https://scientific-jl.com/wsrj
Volume-39_Issue-2_May-2025
102
THE EFFECT OF DIABETES ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Yunusova Guzal Fayzullayevna
Lecturer of the department of general surgery
of the Samarkand State Medical University
Abstract:
This article studies the impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)
on the cardiovascular system. The study analyzed the incidence of ischemic heart
disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and stroke among diabetic patients. It also
identified the mechanisms by which diabetes affects the activity of the heart muscle
and the function of the circulatory system. The article also provides recommendations
for early detection and prevention of cardiovascular complications based on statistical
data.
Keywords:
Diabetes, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis,
microangiopathy, cardiomyopathy, glycemic control, diabetic complications.
Introduction:
Diabetes is a metabolic disease characterized by impaired glucose
metabolism in the div. It is caused by impaired insulin secretion or action. In recent
years, the incidence of diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes, has been increasing
rapidly globally. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2023, 1 in
10 adults (537 million people) suffer from this disease, more than 90% of whom have
type 2 diabetes. While diabetes is a serious disease in itself, it is accompanied by
complications that cause serious damage to various systems and organs, in particular
the cardiovascular system. Cardiovascular diseases are one of the leading causes of
death among patients with diabetes - more than 65% of patients with diabetes die from
heart disease or stroke. The medical literature indicates that T2DM increases the risk
of heart disease by 2–4 times (American Heart Association, 2021). The
hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension, insulin resistance, and chronic
inflammation observed in diabetes directly or indirectly damage the heart and blood
vessels. This leads to serious diseases such as atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease
(IHD), heart failure, myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial disease, and stroke.
Also, structural and functional changes in the heart muscle occur through
pathophysiological mechanisms such as endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and
accumulation of glycated products. These conditions are described by the term
"diabetic cardiomyopathy".
This article will provide an in-depth study of the frequency of cardiovascular
complications among patients with T2DM, their clinical and instrumental signs, main
risk factors, and statistical correlations. The goal is to develop effective strategies for
early detection and prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
Methodology:
Study design This study is a retrospective cross-sectional study
aimed at determining the impact of diabetes on the cardiovascular system. The study
World scientific research journal
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Volume-39_Issue-2_May-2025
103
was conducted at the Tashkent Medical Academy Hospital and the Tashkent City
Cardiology Center from September 2022 to December 2023.
Study participants
Selection criteria:
• Patients aged 40 to 70 years;
• Have had type 2 diabetes for at least 5 years;
• Have clinical complaints related to the cardiovascular system;
• No diabetic nephropathy or retinopathy (so that the analysis is focused
specifically on the heart).
Control group:
• 100 healthy individuals (no diabetes or heart problems);
• Age and gender matched.
A total of 350 diabetic patients and 100 healthy controls participated.
Data collection procedure
1. Questionnaire and clinical interview:
Duration of diabetes, medication regimen;
Heart-related
symptoms
(shortness
of
breath,
pain,
swelling,
weakness).Laborator tekshiruvlar:
HbA1c — a general indicator of glucose over the last 3 months;
Lipid profile: total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides;
CRP and fibrinogen — for the level of inflammation;
Creatinine and GFR — kidney function control (as a potential damage
factor).Instrumental tekshiruvlar:
Electrocardiography (ECG): to detect heart rhythm, signs of ischemia;
Ultrasound of the heart (ECHO): to assess heart muscle function, ejection
fraction;
Doppler ultrasound: to detect atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid and femoral
arteries.Statistik ishlov berish:
Analysis was performed using SPSS 25.0 software;
Descriptive statistics: mean, variance, percentages;
Correlation analysis (Pearson and Spearman tests): relationship between HbA1c,
lipids, and heart disease;
A value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Ethical standards:
All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation in the
study;
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Tashkent Medical
Academy.
Results and analysis:
Cardiovascular problems in diabetic patients:
World scientific research journal
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Volume-39_Issue-2_May-2025
104
Type of disease
Diabetic patients
(%)
Healthy control group
(%)
Ischemic heart disease
(IHD))
49%
12%
Hypertension
63%
28%
Dyslipidemia
55%
18%
Heart failure
26%
6%
Atherosclerotic changes
37%
9%
Pathophysiological mechanisms:
• Diabetic hyperglycemia leads to endothelial cell dysfunction.
• Insulin resistance increases lipotoxicity, causing remodeling of the heart
muscle.
• Dyslipidemia - "bad" cholesterol (LDL) increases, narrowing the arteries.
Correlation results:
• There is a positive correlation between HbA1c levels and ischemic heart
disease (r = 0.62, p < 0.01).
• A strong association was also found between the level of dyslipidemia and the
risk of heart failure.
Conclusion:
The results of the study showed that type 2 diabetes has a profound
and multifaceted impact on the cardiovascular system. Among diabetic patients, the
incidence of CVD, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and heart failure is significantly
higher. This is due to hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and impaired lipid
metabolism.
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