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FROM THE HISTORY OF COLLECTIVIZATION
OF THE MERCY DISTRICT
Shaxloxon Xusanova Artikaliyevna
KUAF, t.f.f.d. PhD
+998 90 548 21 27
Annotasiya:
Mazkur maqolada sovet hukumati tomonidan amalga oshirilgan
kollektivlashtirish islohoti, Marhamat rayonida mulkdorlardan tortib olingan yerlarda
kolxozlar
tashkil
etilishi,
axolining
majburan
kolxozlarga
kirititlishi,
kollektivlashtirish siyosatining maxalliy axoli turmush-tarziga ta’siri va oqibatlari
haqida ma’lumotlar berilgan. Shuningdek maqolada Marhamat rayonida
cho‘chqachilikning rivojlantirilishi, xattoki, tarixiy Mingtepa yodgorligi xududida
cho‘chqa boqilganligi, shu bilan birga Mingtepa arxeologiya yodgorligini turli
maqsadlarda buzib yuborilganligi haqida ham fikrlar bildirilgan.
Kalit so‘zlar:
Sovet davri, kollektivlashtirish, Marhamat rayoni, kolxozlar,
cho‘chqa fermalari, Mingtepa yodgorligi.
Аннотация:
В данной статье приводятся сведения о коллективизационной
реформе, проведенной Советской властью, создании колхозов в Мархаматском
районе на землях, отторгнутых у владельцев, принудительном вступлении
населения в колхозы, влиянии и последствиях политики коллективизации на
образ жизни местного населения. Также в статье высказываются мнения о
развитии свиноводства в Мархаматском районе, даже о том, что на территории
Мингтепинского исторического памятника разводили свиней, в то же время
Мингтепинский археологический памятник был снесен в различных целях.
Ключевые слова:
Советские времена, коллективизация, Мархаматский
район, колхозы, свиноводство, памятник Мингтепе.
Abstract:
This article provides information about the collectivization reform
carried out by the Soviet government, the establishment of collective farms in
Marhamat region on the lands seized from the owners, the forced entry of the
population into collective farms, the impact and consequences of the collectivization
policy on the lifestyle of the local population. Also, the article expresses opinions
about the development of pig farming in Marhamat region, even the fact that pigs
were raised in the territory of the Mingtepa historical monument, and at the same time,
the Mingtepa archaeological monument was demolished for various purposes.
Key words:
Soviet times, collectivization, Marhamat district, collective farms,
pig farms, Mingtepa monument.
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Volume-39_Issue-1_May-2025
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Introduction.
Having seized power by force, the Bolsheviks promised to build
a new society that would provide land and rights to the peoples who were in the colony
of the former Russian Empire. But these lofty promises were practically not fulfilled.
The management of the Turkestan territory was carried out on the wishes and
goals of the Bolshevik authorities. All uyezds and villages of the Fergana Valley were
taken under the control of the Bolshevik government. In the spring of 1918, Soviet
power was also established in the Marhamat volost (since 1926 called the Marhamat
raion), which was part of the marghilon uyezd of the Fergana region. Here, too, a
policy of violence against the people was raged by the Bolsheviks.
Kolkhozes were set up by the Soviet authorities with the aim of seizing land and
possessions from the wealthy, owner-occupied strata and using them as slaves and
gaining serfdom, while themselves exiled to the cold lands as “ears”. Mahallic
morality was forcibly introduced into collective farms through intimidation,
repression.
Literature review:
literature on the history of collectivization carried out by the
Soviet government can be analyzed in several groups. The historian-researchers of
the Soviet period, who covered the history of the collectivization policy implemented
in the Fargo'na Valley, made assessments and conclusions on the interests of the time
and system in which they lived, as well as on demand. Literature published during the
Soviet era was interpreted in a biased way, based on communist guises of the time .
In literature and scientific research published during the independence period, it
was possible to analyze the history of the collectivization reform of the Soviet
government, based on original sources and historical facts, critically, impartially and
truthfully. R.Aminova, R Shamsitdinov, M.Abdullayev, B.In the research of Rasulov
and others, this topic was widely analyzed through primary sources, national and
foreign archival documents and memoiric works.
There are also scientific collections , archival documents and other sources
dating from this period. Documents of the Fergana Regional State Archive and the
State Archive of the Marhamat district were used to highlight the essence of the
collectivization process in the Marhamat Rayon.
Research Methodology( Research Methodology):
the article covers the
consequences of collectivization, carried out on the basis of historicism and sequence
from historical methods in the anthem district, the reasons for the collapse of the
Mingtepa monument Hills.
Analysis and Results (Analysis and results):
Land-Water commissions are
created in order to organize and strengthen control in the implementation of the
collectivization reform conducted by the Soviet government. A 7-person Land
Commission is also established in the district of Marhamat . The population is tapped
by the Land Commission, and the land and property are seized from the owner's layer.
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From 1926, the” Cowherd " alliances were terminated and the practice of
establishing collective farms began. After the XV Congress of the VKP(B)on
December 2-19, 1927, the collectivization of Agriculture takes official place . The
structure of collective farms was carried out in three forms: agricultural production
company, agricultural Artel, organized in the form of an agricultural commune . The
first kolkhoz named “new industry” is organized in March 1928 in the village Soviet
of Marhamat. The collective farm had a total area of 80 hectares and originally had
26 members . In 1928-1930, 12 rural Soviets, 69 villages, 30 production associations,
15 collective farms are organized in the Marhamat region .
A social layer of morality is identified in the district of mercy, and the lands of
private landowners are gradually taken into public possession. According to archival
data, in 1930, the social stratum of the population of the Marhamat region consisted
of: the poor – 847, the middle – 292, the “ears” – 75, the rich – 2 households . These
holdings were contracted to plant wheat and cotton. In 1932, 1,953 hectares of land
were seized from the” ear " farms and given to collective farms .
From being a” slave", the deserters were forced to abandon their homeland, their
possessions, and flee. Nurboy Rakhmonqulhoji's son from hojaariq village was also
forced to flee to Kashgar in 1926. His son Rasulzhan Nurboyev said that his father
was a large landowner, the owner was from the rich. When the Soviet policy of
“listening” began, Nurboy was also forced to leave for Kashgar with several of his
villagers. In total, from February 20 to February 24, 1930, a total of 37 wealthy
households had fled the Marhamat raion .
In order to accelerate collectivization and escalate the “socialist race”, the
decisions of the CPC(b) CC “on the work of the party organization of Uzbekistan”of
May 25, 1929 and “on the pace of collectivization and state assistance in the
construction of a collective farm” of January 5, 1930 were adopted . Peasants began
to be forcibly introduced into collective farms. As a result of intimidation, coercion,
repression, 91 collective farms were established in 1931 on 16,765 hectares of land
seized from the owners in the Marhamat Rayon . In 1932, the number of collective
farms was increased to 107 .
The increase in attention to the sole rule of cotton, like other gods in the district
of Marhamat, led to a sharp decrease in other types of crops. The available archival
data taxile shows that in 1930-31, 12,000 hectares of land would be planted with
cotton, 1,535 hectares with Bede, 416 hectares with rice, and other crops with 1,945
hectares of land . We can see that by 1932, the arable land of other types of crops had
expanded slightly. Beda is planned to be planted on 1,800 hectares, rice on 450
hectares, corn on 400 hectares and other crops on 173 hectares of land .
In order to expand the cotton crop fields in Marhamat Rayon, The Villages of
Arrowman, Kulla, Kushma, Shukurmergan, Marhamat will be started to clear about
1117 hectares of land in khududi from reeds and thickets. But, the reason for the
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shortage of Labor is the mobilization of auxiliary forces from the neighboring
Zelensky (Asaka) raion .
As a result of the collectivization reform, the working animals of peasant farms
were also confiscated and transferred to the state, or bought at low prices in collective
farms. From a total of 6,349 head of horses and bulls to and purchased in 1929, the
number of working animals increases to 4,969 heads in 1930 . In 1934, the number of
horses was 2,570 heads, by 1936 it would increase to 2,502 heads, while bighorn
animals would increase from 3,451 heads to 4,242 heads, and sheep from 1,062 heads
to 2,254 heads. Camels were 50 heads in 1931, but, by 1934, they numbered 3 heads.
Camels had also died as a result of the famine. They were used to transport the
dressing of cotton and other products.
Farms are organized in the district of marhat. Since 1935, pig farming has been
started in the raion. Initially, 97 head of pigs are brought in . In 1935, there were 4
yılkırıklar, 3 large-horned, 4 sheep farms. In 1940, the number of farms would
increase and 9 yilqiq farms, 10 large-scale farms, 10 sheep farms, 4 pig farms would
be established . The horse farm was established mainly for the purpose of supplying
the Red Army with horses.
Special attention was also paid to the development of pig farming in the district
of Marhamat. Special pig farms and fodder for pigs were established. In 1950, the
number of pigs being raised on rayon farms increased from 86 to 863 by 1956 .
Khattaki was also forced to raise pigs in mosques, in the Houses of Akhali. A
total of 11 farms raised pigs in 1956 in the Marhamat Rayon. The farm, located in the
Sverdlov kolkhoz, contained the largest number of pigs. 534 head of pigs were raised
on this farm. A total of 2,928 head of pigs were raised in the raion according to the
1957 census . Resolution No. 46/4 of the Andijan oblast Executive dated January 23,
1957 was “on the expansion of pig production in Oblast collective farms”, for this
purpose 90 hectares of land in the Marhamat Rayon are allocated for the planting of
alfalfa and feed crops for pigs . The Shukurmergan rural Soviet allocated 27 hectares
of land in the Lenin kolkhoz khududud for a pig feed Depot . In 1960, the rayon only
bred large horned and pig animals to the state.
In the same year, 5,000 head of large horns and 1,280 heads of pigs were grown
and handed over to the state . One of the sad cases is that on the territory of the ancient
mingtepa archaeological monument, land is also allocated for raising pigs. In the
1950s and 1960s, a special farm for raising pigs will be established on the territory of
Mingtepa. Only a 1960 letter from the Council of Ministers of the Özssr put an end
to the activities of this farm with the aim of preserving Mingtepa's yogorship .
The Mingtepa monument was erected in 1939 by M.E.Masson, 1946-1952
.N.Bernshtam,
1973,
1987
Yu.A.Zadneprovsky
and
B.
in
1986-
1987.X.Archaeological excavations are carried out by the matboboevs. The historical
significance of the city of Mingtepa, the history of Uzbekistan and its place in the
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Great Silk Road trade system of modernities and the roller are scientifically
substantiated, although attempts to destroy the historical heritage using the Memorial
area for various purposes will continue in the following years. Three Hills were
demolished by the Sverdlov kolkhoz administration and 16,000 bricks were made.
The Broken Hill seat was leveled and used for cotton threshing.
Archival documents contain information that the repair Plot No. 144 also
demolished one hill and established an asphalt production enterprise. After the decree
of the executive committee of the district of Marhamat dated August 4, 1973 No. 165
“on the facts of arbitrary use of the state-protected Mingtepa historical monument and
the lands within its borders”, the circumstances of arbitrary use of the territory of the
Mingtepa monument are put to an end. The task of protecting the historical monument
was entrusted to the chairman of the Karabakh village council and the management
of the Sverdlov collective farm . Only then did the historical city inherited from our
ancestors manage to be preserved, albeit a little.
In conclusion, the reform of the Soviet government in agriculture was carried
out in a hurry, through repression and violence, like other gods in the Fergana Valley.
The rights of the moral of the Mahalli to own the land were violated.
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