Acumen:
International Journal of
Multidisciplinary Research
ISSN: 3060-4745
IF(Impact Factor)10.41 / 2024
Volume 2, Issue 4
378
Acumen: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
MODERN ARXITEKTURA: SHAKL, FALSAFA VA KELAJAK
Sardor Amonov Xolmurzayevich
Termiz Davlat Muhandislik va Agrotexnologiyalar universiteti
Arxitektura (turlari bo’yicha) 2-kurs talabasi
Davlatov Diyor Dilshodovich
Termiz Davlat Muhandislik va Agrotexnologiyalar universiteti
Arxitektura (turlari bo’yicha) 3-kurs talabasi
Anotatsiya:
XX asr boshlarida shakllangan modern arxitektura yo‘nalishining
vujudga kelishi, asosiy tamoyillari va uning zamonaviy shaharsozlikdagi roli tahlil
qilinadi. Modern arxitekturaning "form follows function" g‘oyasi asosida shakllangan
minimalistik yondashuvlari, yangi materiallar va texnologiyalar orqali arxitektura
san’atining yangi bosqichga ko‘tarilishi yoritiladi. Shuningdek, mashhur
arxitektorlarning ishlari misolida modern arxitekturaning amaliy ahamiyati va bugungi
kundagi talqinlari ko‘rib chiqiladi. Maqola orqali o‘quvchi modern arxitekturaning
nafaqat tashqi ko‘rinishi, balki uning falsafiy asosi va ijtimoiy funksiyalarini ham
tushunib oladi.
Kalit so’z: Modern arxitektura, minimalizm, funksionalizm, Le Corbusier,
zamonaviy shaharsozlik, urbanizm, arxitektura tamoyillari, postmodernizm,
zamonaviy bino dizayni.
Modern arxitektura XX asr boshlarida sanoat inqilobidan keyingi davrda
shakllana boshlagan bo‘lib, u avvalgi tarixiy uslublardan tubdan farq qilardi. Yangi
texnologiyalar, temir, beton va shisha kabi materiallarning arxitekturada keng
qo‘llanilishi bu yo‘nalishga zamin yaratdi. Bu davr arxitektorlarini ilgari amal qilingan
dekorativ bezaklardan ko‘ra, binolarning funksionalligi va soddaligi ko‘proq
qiziqtirardi. Modern arxitektura – bu ortiqcha bezaklardan voz kechish, amaliylikni
ustuvor qo‘yish va zamonaviy jamiyat ehtiyojlariga javob beruvchi shakllarni yaratish
harakatidir.
Arxitekturadagi bu burilish ko‘proq urbanizatsiya jarayonlari, sanoat rivoji va
yangi ijtimoiy tartibotlar bilan bog‘liq edi. Odamlar tez quriladigan, qulay va
Acumen:
International Journal of
Multidisciplinary Research
ISSN: 3060-4745
IF(Impact Factor)10.41 / 2024
Volume 2, Issue 4
379
Acumen: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
zamonaviy yashash hamda ishlash joylariga muhtoj edi. Shu tariqa, modern arxitektura
zamonaviylikka intilishning belgisi sifatida yuzaga keldi.
Modern arxitekturaning asosiy tamoyillari
Modern arxitektura o‘zining aniq tamoyillari bilan ajralib turadi. Eng muhim
shiorlardan biri – “Form follows function”, ya’ni “shakl funksiyaga ergashadi”. Bu
degani, bino tashqi ko‘rinishi uning ichki vazifasi asosida yaratiladi. Binoda ortiqcha
bezaklar emas, balki foydalanish qulayligi va funksionallik muhim hisoblanadi.
Yana bir asosiy xususiyat – minimalizm. Modern arxitektura murakkab naqsh va
dekoratsiyalardan voz kechadi, o‘rniga toza chiziqlar, soddalik va ochiq makonlarga
urg‘u beradi. Binolarda tabiiy yorug‘likdan maksimal darajada foydalanish, ochiq reja
asosida ichki makonlarni tashkil etish odatiy holga aylangan.
Bundan tashqari, yangi materiallar – temir-beton, po‘lat va shisha – arxitektorlar uchun
yangi imkoniyatlar yaratdi. Bu materiallar yordamida ilgari qurib bo‘lmaydigan baland
va keng binolar barpo etildi. Aynan shu yondashuvlar modern arxitekturaning sanoat,
savdo va ijtimoiy inshootlarda keng qo‘llanishiga olib keldi.
Mashhur arxitektorlar va ularning asarlari. Modern arxitektura tarixida bir qator buyuk
arxitektorlar o‘zining ilg‘or g‘oyalari bilan ajralib turgan. Ulardan biri — Le Corbusier.
U “uy — bu yashash uchun mo‘ljallangan mashina” degan tamoyilni ilgari surgan.
Uning mashhur ishlari orasida Villa Savoye (Fransiya) bor bo‘lib, ochiq reja, ustunlar
va tekis tom kabi elementlar bilan tanilgan.
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe ham modernizmning asoschilaridan biridir. U “kamroq —
bu ko‘proq” (less is more) shiori bilan mashhur bo‘lib, uning ishlarida soddalik,
shaffoflik va geometriyaga asoslangan shakllar ustunlik qiladi. Uning Seagram
Building (Nyu-York) loyihasi modern arxitekturaning timsoli hisoblanadi.
Shuningdek, Zaha Hadid nomi kechki modernizm yoki dekonstruktivizm bilan bog‘liq.
Garchi u klassik modernistlar davridan keyin faoliyat yuritgan bo‘lsa-da, uning
ishlarida modern arxitektura prinsiplarining zamonaviy talqini mujassam. Heydar
Aliyev markazi (Ozarbayjon) bunga yorqin misoldir.
Bu arxitektorlarning asarlari modern arxitekturaning nafaqat nazariy, balki amaliy
jihatdan qanday ishlashini ko‘rsatadi.
Modern arxitektura va urbanizm. Modern arxitektura shaharsozlik — urbanizm bilan
chambarchas bog‘liq. Sanoatlashtirish davrida aholi shaharlarga ko‘chib o‘ta
Acumen:
International Journal of
Multidisciplinary Research
ISSN: 3060-4745
IF(Impact Factor)10.41 / 2024
Volume 2, Issue 4
380
Acumen: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
boshlagach, yangi yashash joylariga ehtiyoj ortdi. Modern arxitektorlar shahar
makonlarini qayta tashkil etish g‘oyasini ilgari surdilar.
Le Corbusier tomonidan taklif etilgan "Radiant City" konsepsiyasi bunga misol bo‘la
oladi. Bu loyiha yuqori qavatli turar joy binolari, yashil hududlar va transport tarmog‘i
uyg‘unlashgan zamonaviy shahar konsepsiyasi edi. Modernizm shaharlarni tartib bilan
rejalashtirish, funksiyalarni ajratish va ochiq fazolarni ko‘paytirishga intildi.
Yangi arxitektura uslubi turar joylardan tortib, ofis binolari, maktablar,
shifoxonalargacha bo‘lgan barcha inshootlarga tatbiq etildi. Bu esa shaharlarning
zamonaviy qiyofasini belgilab berdi.
Tanqidlar va postmodernizmga o‘tish
Modern arxitektura bir necha o‘n yilliklar davomida yetakchi yo‘nalish bo‘lib
kelgan bo‘lsa-da, vaqt o‘tishi bilan u tanqid ostida qoldi. Ba’zi mutaxassislar uning
haddan tashqari soddaligi va shaxsiyatsizligidan shikoyat qildilar. Ayniqsa, yirik turar
joy komplekslari ko‘pincha sovuq, odamlarni begonalashtiruvchi makon sifatida
baholandi.
Shuningdek, barcha joylarda bir xil uslubdagi binolarning paydo bo‘lishi
madaniy va tarixiy xususiyatlarni yo‘qotishga olib kelgani tanqid qilindi. Bu tanqidlar
natijasida postmodernizm shakllandi — bu yo‘nalish modernizmning qat’iy va rasmiy
chegaralariga qarshi chiqqan holda, emotsiyaga boy, rang-barang va tarixiy
elementlarga ega arxitekturani ilgari surdi.
Xulosa:
Modern arxitektura XX asrda arxitekturaviy fikrlashga tub burilish olib
kirgan muhim harakatdir. Uning funksionallikka asoslangan yondashuvi, yangi
materiallar va texnologiyalarni arxitektura bilan uyg‘unlashtirishi zamonaviy shaharlar
rivojida katta rol o‘ynadi. Garchi u ba’zi hollarda tanqid ostida qolgan bo‘lsa-da,
modernizmning asosi bo‘lgan falsafa hanuzgacha zamonaviy loyihalash jarayonlarida
o‘z aksini topmoqda. Bugungi kun arxitektorlari uchun modern arxitektura — bu
oddiylikda go‘zallikni, funksionallikda estetikani izlashda yo‘l ko‘rsatuvchi manba
hisoblanadi.
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Acumen:
International Journal of
Multidisciplinary Research
ISSN: 3060-4745
IF(Impact Factor)10.41 / 2024
Volume 2, Issue 4
381
Acumen: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
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Multidisciplinary Research
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IF(Impact Factor)10.41 / 2024
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Acumen:
International Journal of
Multidisciplinary Research
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IF(Impact Factor)10.41 / 2024
Volume 2, Issue 4
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